User:Yates9/neuroscience basic

Basic Neuroscience

Learning Neuroscience

Creating a Wikibook Notes

Books for experts

general 1

BDNF: neurotrophin, acts by binding to cell receptors TrkB ("Track B") and LNGFR (low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, or p75) and modulating transmission

NGF: small secreted protein which is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons (nerve cells)

Neurotrophin: part of a class of growth factors, secreted proteins, capable of signaling particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow

CASK: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine protein Kinase - is a multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking

Scaffold_protein: not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes

Wnt signaling pathway: Wg (wingless) and Int (Integration) sites of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) - a network of proteins involved in embryogenesis, cancer, and normal physiological function

DLG4 or PSD-95 Disks Large homoloG 4 (DLG4 gene), recruited into NMDA receptor and K channel clusters

Catenin: proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells

Cadherin: (Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules) are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins. Important in cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together.

Neuroligin: a postsynaptic protein that helps to glue together neurons at the synapse (implicated in autism +)

Synaptogenesis: the formation of synapses

G-protein: (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell; communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors

GABA: Plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone. In insect species GABA acts only on excitatory nerve receptors

Complexin: a nerve tissue protein bound to the SNARE protein complex; transport vesicle protein synaptotagmin, among others, in the presence of Ca2+, displaces complexin allowing the SNARE protein complex to bind the transport vesicle to the presynaptic membrane

N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein (NSF): Homohexameric AAA ATPase involved in membrane fusion, ubiquitous in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Central to the transfer of membrane vesicles from one membrane compartment to another

AAA_proteins

SNARE_(protein): "SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptors"; a protein superfamily whose primary role is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment (such as a lysosome)

SNAP-25: a component of the SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together

Synaptotagmin: family of membrane-trafficking proteins; C2 domains of certain synaptotagmins bound to calcium, synaptotagmins were proposed to function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion

VAMP Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein: Vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMP) are a family of SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion

Synaptobrevin: small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the VAMP family

AMPAR

SNARE_proteins

Green_fluorescent_protein

Bromophenol_blue

Noggin

EGTA_(chemical)

Secretagogue

GTPgammaS

Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitors

Nernst_equation

Imide

Arabidopsis

Saccharomyces_cerevisiae

Agonist

Arachidonic_acid

PIP2

Oligomer

PI3K

Protein_kinase_A

Calmodulin

Thiol

Chelation

Peroxisome

Tetrodotoxin toxic, blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes

Refractory_period_(physiology)

Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT): a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons, to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell

Somatic Sensory Afferents Linking to CNS

background physics

Siemens_(unit)

RC_circuit

neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Glutamate most common 90%

GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid common

Acetylcholine

Epinephrine or Adrenaline:hormone and neurotransmitter, produced increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system

Norepinephrine or NE or Noradrenaline

Glycine: an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina

Substance P: an undecapeptide, neuropeptide functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator, found in the brain and spinal cord, and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain

neurotransmitters uptake / degrade

Monoamine_oxidase (MAO):a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria

Catechol-O-methyl transferase:one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

receptors

Metabotropic receptor: are indirectly linked with ion-channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins

Ionotropic receptor: a group of trans-membrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e., a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter

G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)

Ligand gated ion channel (LGIC)

Glutamate_receptor

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

NMDA receptor: ionotropic glutamate receptor, noted for voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ ions

AMPA receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors, mediates fast synaptic transmission in CNS

Kainate receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors

Receptor_tyrosine_kinase

GABA_receptor

GABA A receptor: ionotropic, ligand gated

GABAB receptor: metabotropic

Glycine_receptor

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: metabotropic

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: ionotropic

Serotonin receptor, 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) except 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel

Adrenergic receptor: class of G protein-coupled catecholamine receptors, (esp. norepinephrine and epinephrine), not dopamine (also a catecholamine)

Dopamine receptor:

Histamine receptor: G protein-coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand

Cannabinoid receptor type 1, (CB₁) widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors, act as endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, common plasticity

somatic sensory system

Somatic nervous system: SNS part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli, which helps keep the body in touch with its surroundings

Mechanoreceptor: respond to mechanical stimuli by firing action potentials

Meissner's corpuscle: mechanoreceptors, sensitivity to light touch - spacial acuity 3 mm - 50 Hz peak sensitivity - in dermal papillae

Merkel nerve ending: mechanoreceptors, form and texture with stimuli of edges, points, corners - spacial acuity of 0.5 mm - 5 Hz peak freq - in tip of epidermal sweat ridges

Ruffini's_end_organ: mechanireceptor, tangential force, hand shape, motion direction, hand stretch - spacial acuity 7+ mm - 0.5 Hz peak sensitivity - in the dermis

Pacinian corpuscle: mechanoreceptor, perceive distant events through vibration - spacial acuity 10mm+ - 200 Hz peak sensitivity - nerve endings in dermis and deeper tissues

Gamma_motoneurons: efferent component of the fusimotor system, the system by which the central nervous system controls and modifies muscle spindle sensitivity

Α-motoneuron: large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord; innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction

Sensory nerve: of various types Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain

Type Ia sensory fiber: a component of a muscle fiber's muscle spindle which keeps track of how fast a muscle stretch changes

Ib or Golgi tendon organ: a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle

Type II sensory fiber: stretch receptor, non-adapting, keeps responding even when the muscle has stopped changing its length

A delta fiber, III or Aδ or fast pain: a type of sensory fiber associated with cold and pressure, and as nociceptors they convey fast pain information

IV or Group C nerve fiber or slow pain: C fibers are responsible for slow, dull, longer-lasting, second pain

various interesting

Cognitive_enhancers

Modafinil