Xeromphalina setulipes: Difference between revisions
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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''Xeromphalina setulipes'' is only known from the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], Spain, where the [[type location (biology)|type locality]] is located. It was found growing on the [[forest floor]] from [[acid soil]], surrounded by dead plant matter. The woodland was made up of [[Quercus suber|Cork Oak]] and [[Quercus faginea|Portuguese Oak]], and the undergrowth consisted of [[Gum Rockrose]], [[Juniperus oxycedrus|Prickly Juniper]], and various [[Erica|heathers]].<ref name="p578"/> The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.<ref name="p575"/><ref name="p578"/> |
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' is only known from the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], Spain, where the [[type location (biology)|type locality]] is located. It was found growing on the [[forest floor]] from [[acid soil]], surrounded by dead plant matter. The woodland was made up of [[Quercus suber|Cork Oak]] and [[Quercus faginea|Portuguese Oak]], and the undergrowth consisted of [[Gum Rockrose]], [[Juniperus oxycedrus|Prickly Juniper]], and various [[Erica|heathers]].<ref name="p578"/> Though it is not certain, it is possible that the species's ecological patterns may be useful identifying characteristics, distinct from other, similar species.<ref name="p581"/> The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.<ref name="p575"/><ref name="p578"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 11:49, 29 August 2011
| Xeromphalina setulipes | |
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| Species: | X. setulipes
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| Xeromphalina setulipes[1] Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010
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| The species is known only from Ciudad Real Province, Spain. | |
Xeromphalina setulipes is a species of Mycenaceae fungus. First collected in 2005 from oak forests in Spain, it was described and named in 2010 by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno. The species produces mushrooms with dark reddish-brown caps, dark purplish-brown stems and distinctive, arched, brown gills. The species has a number of unusual microscopic characteristics, including the shape of the cystidia. Known only from the area it was collected, it was found growing directly from the forest floor, surrounded by plant waste, during the autumn month of November.
Within the genus Xeromphalina, X. setulipes is found within the section Mutabiles, along with several other species. The species is most similar to X. cauticinalis and X. brunneola, but can be differentiated from both; the former differs in colour and taste, while the latter differs microscopically, and because of its different habitat.
Taxonomy
Xeromphalina setulipes was first described in 2010 in an article in Mycological Progress by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the University of Alcalá.[2][3] The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 field work in Ciudad Real Province, Spain.[2][4] The type specimen was collected on 17 November.[4] The specific epithet setulipes is from the Latin setula, meaning stiff hair, and pes, meaning foot, in reference to the bristly hairs which cover the stem.[3]
Within Xeromphalina, X. setulipes is part of the section Mutabiles, which also contains X. campanelloides, X. cauticinalis, X. cirris, X. cornui, X. fraxinophila and X. parvibulbosa.[5] X. setulipes appears to be most closely related to X. fraxinophila, X. cornui, X. campanelloides and X. cauticinalis.[6] Data from the large subunit (60S) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene suggest it is most closely related to X. campanelloides, while ITS data place it closest to a clade containing X. cauticinalis and X. aff. parvibulbosa (an unidentified species related to X. parvibulbosa).[7]
Description
Xeromphalina setulipes mushrooms have a flattened-convex cap of between 8 and 15 millimetres (0.3 and 0.6 in) in diameter with a depressed centre. It is not particularly hygrophanous (it does not change color as it loses or absorbs water), and, unlike the caps of related species, is neither grooved nor translucent at the margin. The cap is coloured dark brown, sometimes with reddish colouration. It becomes paler, turning tobacco-brown, when it dries; this change is more noticeable at the cap margin. The caps of young mushrooms are smooth and hairless, but they wrinkle as they age; however, fine, soft hairs are sometimes visible towards the margin (which is rolled inwards) when the cap is dry. The margin is typically not smooth; instead, it undulates. The cylindrical stem measures between 30 and 45 mm (1 and 2 in) in length by 1 and 2 mm (0.04 and 0.08 in) in width, though it is slightly thicker at the very bottom. It is stiff, but can be somewhat flexible. The colour is a dark brown, sometimes approaching black, with purplish hints. It appears smooth, but is actually covered in minute tufts. The hairs at the base of the stem are somewhat more visible, and are an amber colour. The gills are subdistant (neither close nor distant) and are of a distinctive shape; they are decurrent, that is, they extend down the stem, and are noticeably arched. The gills can be up to 2 mm (0.08 in) thick, and sometimes split into two. The gills are a tobacco brown no matter the age of the mushroom, though the edges can be paler (sometimes whitish) and crenulate. The flesh is firm but flexible, and the same colour as the surface. It has an indistinct smell, and a taste that is not bitter.[4]
Microscopic characteristics
Xeromphalina setulipes has smooth, ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical spores that measure from 5 to 7.3 micrometres (μm) by 2.9 to 3.7 μm. They are amyloid, meaning that they stain a dark colour in Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution and have thin cell walls. The four-spored (occasionally two-spored) basidia are shaped like narrow clubs, sometimes approaching cylindrical, and measure between 21 and 30 μm in length by 4.5 to 5.5 μm wide. The sterigmata, the narrow prongs that connect the spores to the basidia, can measure up to 3 μm in length. The edge of the gill is primarily made up of cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) but there are also some basidia. The hyaline (translucent) cheilocystidia have an irregular, sometimes vaguely cylindrical shape, and measure between 30 and 80 μm by 3 to 7 μm. They are packed together, extending outwards from the gill in a manner reminiscent of coral, as is sometimes seen in members of the genus Mycena. The abundant caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) project prominently, and are responsible for the minute hairs visible on the stem. They measure between 30 and 60 μm by 5 to 10 μm. They are swollen in the middle, tapering at each end, but are irregular in shape and are often curved. The particularly thick cell walls can be as much as 2.5 μm wide. The caulocystidia are yellowish-brown.[4]
The flesh in the gills is composed of cylindrical hyphae measuring between 4 and 8 μm thick that run parallel to one another. The hyphae typically have fairly thin, smooth walls, but they can have a small amount of brown pigment, which stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The pileipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae in the cap, forms a cutis made up of cylindrical, slightly thicker-walled hyphae of between 5 and 10 μm wide. They can be interwoven or primarily extending from the margin to the centre. The pigmentation is yellowish-brown and stains reddish-brown in potassium hydroxide. The hyphae below the pileipellis run parallel to one another and measure between 4 and 8 μm in width. Their yellowish-brown pigment stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The stipitipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae on the stem, also forms a cutis. The cylindrical hyphae run parallel to one another and have thick cell walls. They have a dark red-brown pigment, which stains darker still in potassium hydroxide. Clamp connections are present.[4]
Similar species
Xeromphalina setulipes shows some similarities to X. cauticinalis. They share the amber-coloured hair towards the base of the stem and both grow on soil, as opposed to directly onto wood. Further, X. cauticinalis can display caulocystidia of the same distinctive shape as those of X. setulipes (though these are mixed with the other shapes more typical of the genus). X. cauticinalis mushrooms are typically of a different colour; for instance, the area at the top of the stem is paler than the rest, compared to the entirely dark stem of X. setulipes. Furthermore, X. cauticinalis has a very bitter taste.[8] X. setulipes shares with X. brunneola its dark colouration and some microscopic traits. However, the two clearly differ in the shape of both the cheilocystidia and the pileocystidia, the width of the spores (the spores of X. brunneola measure between 2 and 3 μm in width) and the fact it is found specifically in softwood woodland. Furthermore, the two do not appear to be closely related.[9]
Other species within Mutabiles include X. campanelloides, which can be differentiated by the shape of the thin-walled caulocystidia and yellow flesh in the stem. X. cornui grows in softwood forests with Sphagnum moss. Both the cap and the top of stem sport yellow grains. X. fraxinophila produces larger mushrooms and has yellow gills. X. parvibulbosa has a bitter or sour taste.[9]
Habitat and distribution
Xeromphalina setulipes is only known from the Province of Ciudad Real, Spain, where the type locality is located. It was found growing on the forest floor from acid soil, surrounded by dead plant matter. The woodland was made up of Cork Oak and Portuguese Oak, and the undergrowth consisted of Gum Rockrose, Prickly Juniper, and various heathers.[4] Though it is not certain, it is possible that the species's ecological patterns may be useful identifying characteristics, distinct from other, similar species.[6] The mushrooms were found in autumn, and collected in November.[2][4]
References
- ^ "Xeromphalina setulipes Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ a b c Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 575
- ^ a b Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 577
- ^ a b c d e f g Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 578
- ^ Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 579
- ^ a b Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 581
- ^ Esteve-Raventós et al., fig. 3, 4
- ^ Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 579–80
- ^ a b Esteve-Raventós et al., p. 580
Worked cited
- Esteve-Raventós, Fernando; Moreno, Gabriel; Manjón, Jose Luis; Alvarado, Pablo (2010). "Xeromphalina setulipes (hygrophoroid clade, Agaricales), a new Mediterranean species". Mycological Progress. 9 (3): 575–583. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0665-6.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)