Disaster

For other uses, see Disaster (disambiguation).

Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history

A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that has come to fruition, resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event with great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that causes huge damage to life, property and destroys the economic, social and cultural life of people.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

Etymology

The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Greek pejorative prefix δυσ-, (dus-) "bad" + ἀστήρ (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological theme in which the ancients used to refer to the destruction or deconstruction of a star as a disaster.

Classifications

Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years disaster research has been institutionalized through the University of Delaware's Disaster Research Center. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

Natural disaster

Main article: Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural calamity affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and often a lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability.

Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flood and cyclones are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. The rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environment has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters.

Among various natural hazards, earthquakes, landslides, floods and cyclones are the major disasters adversely affecting very large areas and population in the Indian sub-continent. These natural disasters are of (i) geophysical origin such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land slides and (ii) climatic origin such as drought, flood, cyclone, locust, forest fire. Though it may not be possible to control nature and to stop the development of natural phenomena but the efforts could be made to avoid disasters and alleviate their effects on human lives, infrastructure and property. Rising frequency, amplitude and number of natural disasters and attendant problem coupled with loss of human lives prompted the General Assembly of the United Nations to proclaim 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) through a resolution 44/236 of December 22, 1989 to focus on all issues related to natural disaster reduction. In spite of IDNDR, there had been a string of major disaster throughout the decade. Nevertheless, by establishing the rich disaster management related traditions and by spreading public awareness the IDNDR provided required stimulus for disaster reduction. It is almost impossible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters and their damages.

However, it is possible to reduce the impact of disasters by adopting suitable disaster mitigation strategies. Disaster mitigation mainly addresses the following:

• minimize the potential risks by developing disaster early warning strategies
• prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
• mobilize resources including communication and tele-medicinal services
• to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.

Disaster management, on the other hand involves:

• pre-disaster planning, preparedness, monitoring including relief management capability
• prediction and early warning
• damage assessment and relief management.

Expanding on the above steps: 1. Preparedness:

• A set of warning systems should be thought of, so that people are warned to take safety measures. Thus, more loss of life and property can be avoided. The warning systems may include: radio, television, loudspeakers, personal messages, beating of drums, bells, etc.
• The people must be educated to cope with a disaster. They should be taught to keep a survival kit.
• On the practical side, mock drill training and practice should be undertaken.

2. Response:

• People should be informed of the disaster in time to avoid its serious consequences.
• Emergency contact and operation centres should be opened.
• Help the injured and the needy.
• Involve local people at all levels of activities.
• Temporary shelters should be provided for the affected.
• Medical camps should be set up.
• Rescue teams should be deployed to look for those who are missing.

3. Rehabilitation:

• Essential services such as providing drinking water, transport, electricity, etc, should be restored.
• The people should be taught hot to follow healthy and safety measures.
• The victims should be provided with temporary accomadation, financial assistance and employment opportunities.
• Those who have lost their family members should be consoled.
• If there is a danger of epidemics, vaccination programme should be undertaken.

4. Prevention:

• The land use has to be so planned as to reduce the loss of life and property.
• Buildings should not be constructed in risk zones.
• Mobilizing support of different co-ordinating agencies such as the local government,voluntary organisation, the insurance companies, etc, to ensure co-ordination at the time of a disaster.
• All buildings should be earthquake and landslide resistant.
• The local community should be involved in making and implementing safety norms.

Disaster reduction is a systematic work which involves with different regions, different professions and different scientific fields, and has become an important measure for human and nature sustainable development.

For surviving in and after a disaster, people should carry a survival kit which contains the following supplies: 1. First aid ki. 2. Essential medicines. 3. Water - atleast 9 litres per person for 3 days. 4. Food - enough for three days. 5. A torch and a radio. 6. Personal hygiene items like toothbrush, soap, etc. 7. Baby and pet supplies, toilet paper, etc.

Man-made disaster

Main article: Man-made disasters

Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property.

Management

Main articles: Emergency management and Business continuity planning

The local communities at the time of disaster or before the disaster make groups for helping the people from suffering during the disaster. These groups include First Aid group, Health group, Food and Welfare group, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) etc. They all are well trained by some local community members. All the groups are sent for helping any other local community that is suffering from a disaster. They also ask people to move from the area affected from disaster to some other safe regions. They are given shelter and every possible facilities by those local management communities. Some agencies also provide maps of potential disaster sites. Today, Government is also making effort to provide good facilities during the disaster. In Indian rural areas, the community (group of families) are choosing a leader and developing their Disaster management skills to protect themselves and other local communities as well.

See also

• Act of God
• Civil protection
• Crisis
• Disaster medicine
• Disaster convergence
• Emergency
• Emergency management
• Human extinction
• List of disasters
• List of disasters by cost
• Maritime disasters
• Risk governance
• Risk
• Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth
• Sociology of disaster
• Survivalism
• The Klaxon.com
• Disaster film

Further reading

• Barton A.H. (1969). Communities in Disaster. A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. SI: Ward Lock
• Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster. Susanna M. Hoffman and Anthony Oliver-Smith, Eds.. Santa Fe NM: School of American Research Press, 2002
• G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst (eds.) (2003). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. ISBN 1-85383-964-7.
• D. Alexander (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpended: Terra publishing. ISBN 1-903544-10-6.

External links

• The Disaster Roundtable Information on past and future Disaster Roundtable workshops
• EM-DAT The EM-DAT International Disaster Database
• RSOE EDIS Emergency and Disaster Information Service An up-to-the-minute world wide map showing current disasters.
• Articles On Food Shortage - Food Shortage Information.
• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System A United Nations and European Commission sponsored website for disaster information.
• United Nations Programme for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response United Nations programme covering the full disaster management cycle with usage of space technology
• Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com
• Disaster Video Archive Archive Footage of Major Disasters
• Guinness Book of World Records
• The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
• War Disaster and Genocide
• Geohotspots
• Disaster Video Disaster News and Video
• Disaster Alert Notification and Reporting
• RSOE EDIS (Emergency Disaster and Information Service): world map showing current disasters
• The Disaster News Network - Live Monitors and Updates about Disasters
• The Calamity of Disaster - Recognizing the possibilities, planning for the event, managing crisis and coping with the effects.
• Corporate Disaster Resource Network, India - Needs and Offers matched online.