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describing F&P as discredited is unwarranted, unsupported
Reverted 1 edit by Aminorex (talk): No, it isn't. It's acknowledged that the experiment DID NOT work. (TW)
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Theoretical astrophysicist Ethan Siegel and nuclear physicist Peter Thieberger argue that the claims for the E-Cat are incompatible with the fundamentals of nuclear physics.<ref name=ScienceBlogs1>[http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/12/the_nuclear_physics_of_why_we.php http://news.discovery.com/space/could-interstellar-starships-use-cold-fusion-propulsion-111223.html] The Physics of why the e-Cat's Cold Fusion Claims Collapse : Starts With A Bang<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In particular, the Coulomb barrier for the claimed fusion reaction is so high that it is unsurpassable anywhere in the known universe, including the interior of stars. The reaction also would create [[gamma radiation]] that would penetrate the few inches of shielding apparently provided by the E-Cat; much more substantial shielding, i.e., "a foot of lead, a meter of concrete, or a few meters of water" would be required to prevent [[acute radiation syndrome]] in persons involved in the claimed 'demonstrations'.<ref name=ScienceBlogs1/> Given numerous other scientific inconsistencies – such as the ratio of isotopes in the supposed copper "fusion product" being identical to that in natural copper<ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/11/cold_fusion_is_it_possible_is.php Cold Fusion: Is it Possible? Is it Real? : Starts With A Bang<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> – the authors argue that it is now time "for the e-Cat's proponents to provide the provable, testable, reproducible science that can answer these straightforward physics objections. Given everything that we know, as others also demonstrate...it's time to set aside the mirage of Nickel + Hydrogen fusion and get back to work finding real solutions to our energy and environmental problems".<ref name=ScienceBlogs1/>
Theoretical astrophysicist Ethan Siegel and nuclear physicist Peter Thieberger argue that the claims for the E-Cat are incompatible with the fundamentals of nuclear physics.<ref name=ScienceBlogs1>[http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/12/the_nuclear_physics_of_why_we.php http://news.discovery.com/space/could-interstellar-starships-use-cold-fusion-propulsion-111223.html] The Physics of why the e-Cat's Cold Fusion Claims Collapse : Starts With A Bang<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In particular, the Coulomb barrier for the claimed fusion reaction is so high that it is unsurpassable anywhere in the known universe, including the interior of stars. The reaction also would create [[gamma radiation]] that would penetrate the few inches of shielding apparently provided by the E-Cat; much more substantial shielding, i.e., "a foot of lead, a meter of concrete, or a few meters of water" would be required to prevent [[acute radiation syndrome]] in persons involved in the claimed 'demonstrations'.<ref name=ScienceBlogs1/> Given numerous other scientific inconsistencies – such as the ratio of isotopes in the supposed copper "fusion product" being identical to that in natural copper<ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/11/cold_fusion_is_it_possible_is.php Cold Fusion: Is it Possible? Is it Real? : Starts With A Bang<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> – the authors argue that it is now time "for the e-Cat's proponents to provide the provable, testable, reproducible science that can answer these straightforward physics objections. Given everything that we know, as others also demonstrate...it's time to set aside the mirage of Nickel + Hydrogen fusion and get back to work finding real solutions to our energy and environmental problems".<ref name=ScienceBlogs1/>


Theoretical nuclear physicist Yeong E. Kim of [[Purdue University]] has proposed a potential theoretical explanation of the reported results of the device,<ref>[http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim/BECNF-Ni-Hydrogen.pdf pre-print paper "Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System" - Yeong E. Kim - June 18, 2011]</ref> but has stated that, for confirmation of this theory, "it is very important to carry out Rossi-type experiments independently." Kim had previously put forward this theory to explain the results of the Fleischman and Pons [[cold fusion]] experiment in 1989.<ref>{{Citation
Theoretical nuclear physicist Yeong E. Kim of [[Purdue University]] has proposed a potential theoretical explanation of the reported results of the device,<ref>[http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim/BECNF-Ni-Hydrogen.pdf pre-print paper "Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System" - Yeong E. Kim - June 18, 2011]</ref> but has stated that, for confirmation of this theory, "it is very important to carry out Rossi-type experiments independently." Kim had previously put forward this theory to explain the results of the discredited Fleischman and Pons [[cold fusion]] experiment in 1989.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Kim|first=Yeong E.
|last=Kim|first=Yeong E.
|title=Theory of Bose–Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles
|title=Theory of Bose–Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles

Revision as of 07:17, 21 February 2012

The Energy Catalyzer (also called E-Cat) is a purported cold fusion or Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) heat source[1][2] built by inventor Andrea Rossi,[3][4] with support from physicist Sergio Focardi.[5] An Italian patent, which was approved on April 6, 2011, describes the apparatus as a "process and equipment to obtain exothermal reactions, in particular from nickel and hydrogen".[6] Rossi and Focardi say the device works by infusing heated hydrogen into nickel, transmuting it into copper and producing heat.[7][8] An international patent application[9] has received an unfavorable international preliminary report on patentability because it seemed to "offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories" and to overcome this problem the application should have contained either experimental evidence or a firm theoretical basis in current scientific theories.[10]

The device has been demonstrated to an invited audience several times, and commented on by various academics and others, but has not been independently tested. Mark Gibbs of Forbes commented: "until a verifiably objective analysis is conducted by an independent third party that confirms the results match the claims there’s no real news".[11]

Evaluation of the device

Rossi and Focardi are reported to have been unable to find a peer-reviewed scientific journal that would publish their paper describing how they claim the Energy Catalyzer operates.[12] Their paper appears only in Rossi's self-published blog, Journal of Nuclear Physics.[13]

University of Bologna researchers have attended some E-Cat experiments, but only as observers. The University of Bologna explicitly states that they have not been involved in the demonstrations and none of the experiments were at the university. [14][15][16][17]

Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded in May 2011, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year."[18] He cites the unlikelihood of a chemical reaction being strong enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the lack of gamma rays, the lack of explanation for the origin of the extra energy, the lack of the expected radioactivity after fusing a proton with 58Ni, the unexplained occurrence of 11% iron in the spent fuel, the 10% copper in the spent fuel strangely having the same isotopic ratios as natural copper, and the lack of any unstable copper isotope in the spent fuel as if the reactor only produced stable isotopes.[18] Kjell Aleklett, physics professor at Uppsala University, said the percentage of copper was too high for any known reaction of nickel, and the copper had the same isotopic ratio as natural copper. He also stated, "Known chemical reactions cannot explain the amount of energy measured. A nuclear reaction can explain the amount of energy, but the knowledge we have today says that this reaction cannot take place."[19] According to PhysOrg (August 11, 2011), the demonstrations held from January to April 2011 had several flaws that compromised their credibility and Rossi had refused to perform several tests that could verify his claims.[2]

Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, and Sven Kullander, chairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' Energy Committee, wrote in a report about the device "Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel container and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling water system we can only make very general comments." and "Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3 container can be ruled out.".[20]

Other reactions to the device have been mixed. Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center, described LENR as a "promising" technology and praised the work of Rossi and Focardi.[21] Roland Pettersson, retired Associate Professor from Uppsala University, who witnessed the Oct 6 demonstration said "I'm convinced that this works, but there is still room for more measurements".[22] Skeptic James Randi, discussing the E-Cat in the context of previous cold fusion claims, predicts that it will eventually be revealed to not function as advertised.[23] Commenting on an assertion made by Rossi, who said he was not ready for a full academic investigation of his technology because he doesn’t yet have full patent protection, the Dean of Science at the UML Robert Tamarin stated: "That’s consistent with it not working, but it’s also consistent with it working very well".[24]

Theoretical astrophysicist Ethan Siegel and nuclear physicist Peter Thieberger argue that the claims for the E-Cat are incompatible with the fundamentals of nuclear physics.[25] In particular, the Coulomb barrier for the claimed fusion reaction is so high that it is unsurpassable anywhere in the known universe, including the interior of stars. The reaction also would create gamma radiation that would penetrate the few inches of shielding apparently provided by the E-Cat; much more substantial shielding, i.e., "a foot of lead, a meter of concrete, or a few meters of water" would be required to prevent acute radiation syndrome in persons involved in the claimed 'demonstrations'.[25] Given numerous other scientific inconsistencies – such as the ratio of isotopes in the supposed copper "fusion product" being identical to that in natural copper[26] – the authors argue that it is now time "for the e-Cat's proponents to provide the provable, testable, reproducible science that can answer these straightforward physics objections. Given everything that we know, as others also demonstrate...it's time to set aside the mirage of Nickel + Hydrogen fusion and get back to work finding real solutions to our energy and environmental problems".[25]

Theoretical nuclear physicist Yeong E. Kim of Purdue University has proposed a potential theoretical explanation of the reported results of the device,[27] but has stated that, for confirmation of this theory, "it is very important to carry out Rossi-type experiments independently." Kim had previously put forward this theory to explain the results of the discredited Fleischman and Pons cold fusion experiment in 1989.[28]

Patents

An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable preliminary report on patentability at the World Intellectual Property Organization[29] from the European Patent Office, noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations" and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility" as well as incompatibilities with "generally accepted laws of physics and established theories."[30] The patent application was published on October 15, 2009.[31]

However, on 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the Italian Patent and Trademark Office, which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy.[32][33][34][35] International, European, and U.S. patent applications are still pending.[36][34][35]

Demonstrations

The device has not been independently verified. Invited guests attended several demonstrations in Bologna. In January and February 2011 two demonstrations were given.[37][38] In March two Swedish scientists witnessed a demonstration.[39][40] In April some representatives from the press were invited,[41] and two demonstrations followed in September and October. Of the January demonstration, Discovery Channel analyst Benjamin Radford wrote that "If this all sounds fishy to you, it should,"[42] and that "In many ways cold fusion is similar to perpetual motion machines. The principles defy the laws of physics, but that doesn’t stop people from periodically claiming to have invented or discovered one."[43]

  • March 29, 2011: Two Swedish physicists, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander participated as observers in a test of a smaller version of the Energy Catalyzer.[39] The test ran for six hours, with claimed results of net power output of 4.4 kW, and total energy output of about 25 kWh.[20] They were given samples of nickel powder, some unused and some that Rossi reported as used for 2.5 months. An analysis showed the unused powder was pure nickel while the used powder contained 10 percent copper and 11 percent iron,[44] Kullander said that the presence of copper is "a proof that nuclear reactions took place in the process”. Other researchers, Ekström and Aleklett, found many problems with the results: it had the same isotopes ratios as natural copper, the percentage of copper being too high, etc; they conclude that the copper is most likely the result of contamination.[18][19] Iron production is not mentioned anywhere in the patent.[31] In their test report, Essen and Kullander cautioned, "Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel container... we can only make very general comments."[20] In a later conversation Essén stated "I am still very uncertain about this."[45]
  • October 6, 2011: An E-cat was demonstrated, which reportedly lasted for about eight hours.[46][47][48] Roland Pettersson, retired Associate Professor from the University of Uppsala, who witnessed it said "I'm convinced that this works, but there is still room for more measurements".[22]

Commercial plans

Originally, a new Greek company, Defkalion, was to deliver a heating plant based on the Energy Catalyzer, but this deal was terminated.[49][50] Since then Defkalion have announced that they plan to make a similar device.[51][52]

In May 2011[53] Rossi reached an agreement with AmpEnergo,[54] an Ohio company,[55] to receive royalties on sales of licences and products built on the Energy Catalyzer in the Americas.[56][22]

On October 28, 2011, a 1 MW plant based on the Energy Catalyzer was reported to have been tested by engineer Domenico Fioravanti for an undisclosed customer.[57] According to Fioravanti, the plant released 2,635 kWh during five and a half hours of self sustained mode, an average power of 479 kilowatts – just under half the promised power of one megawatt. The customer reportedly acquired the plant after the test. Independent observers were not allowed to watch the measurements or make their own, and the plant remained connected to a power supply during the test allegedly to supply power to the fans and the water pumps.[58][59][60] Rossi claims to have orders from customers in the US and Europe for thirteen more 1 MW units in addition to the undisclosed customer from the October 28 test. He offers these for sale for $2 million.[61] The Italian popular science magazine Focus reports that 12 additional units are to the same, undisclosed customer, and quoted Rossi: "We are building a 13 MW thermal plant, made of 13 plant such as the one you saw on October 28th: but it's a military research and I can't reveal any further detail, not the name, nor the place, nor the nationality of the customer".[62]

Ecat.com is a website for selling the device, run by four Swedish entrepreneurs, two of them particle physicists. Magnus Holm, one of the physicists, in response to a question about skeptical commentary regarding the device, replied that "Until [Rossi] makes an independent test, there is obviously a small chance that it does not work. We are willing to take that risk because it’s such an amazing technology if it works". When asked what his response was to suggestions that he was "contributing to fraud", he replied "We are not engaged in any deception, and I do not think Rossi is engaged in any fraud either. If it would turn out that it does not work, in spite of everything, I would think it is about self-deception". [63]

On November 23, 2011, in the Massachusetts Statehouse, Andrea Rossi met with the minority leader of the Massachusetts Senate Bruce Tarr and representatives from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northeastern University, and the University of Massachusetts, to explore the prospects for developing and manufacturing the device in Massachusetts, USA. According to Robert Tamarin, the Dean of Science at University of Massachusetts-Lowell, the representatives were mostly skeptical and only examined the possibilities of manufacturing within Massachusetts in case the technology turns out to work.[64][24]

At the end of December 2011 Rossi stated that he had passed ten thousand pre-orders for a consumer version of the Energy Catalyzer and that he was aiming for mass-scale production and electricity generation.[65]

References

  1. ^ Patent application WO 2009125444, Andrea Rossi, "Method and Apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions" .
  2. ^ a b Zyga, Lisa (August 11, 2011). "Controversial energy-generating system lacking credibility (w/ video)". PhysOrg.
  3. ^ Mark Gibbs (October 17, 2011). "Hello Cheap Energy, Hello Brave New World". Forbes. the E-Cat is a cold fusion (CF) device (the inventor, Andrea Rossi, prefers to term the technology 'Low Energy Nuclear Reaction' which appears to be the same thing as CF but a less contentious phrasing).
  4. ^ Lewan, Mats. Cold Fusion: “You have to embrace this”. Ny Teknik, February 23, 2011.
  5. ^ Professori Emeriti. Department of Physics, University of Bologna. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  6. ^ Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks "processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno." [process and equipment to obtain exothermal reactions, in particular from nickel and hydrogen], Patent Number 0001387256, Deposited 9 April 2008, Issued 6 April 2011, Inventor: Andrea Rossi.
  7. ^ S. Focardi; A. Rossi (2010-03-22). "A new energy source from nuclear fusion" (PDF). Ny Teknik.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Deotto, Fabio (January 19, 2011). "Fusione fredda realizzata a Bologna. Sarà vero?" (in Italian). Daily Wired. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Rossi, Andrea. "Method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions". World Intellectual Propety Organisation. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  10. ^ Lisa Zyga (2011-01-20), "Italian Scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion", Physorg.com
  11. ^ Mark Gibbs (October 30, 2011). "Believing in Cold Fusion and the E-Cat". Forbes.
  12. ^ Clarke, Peter. "Italian scientists claim cold fusion success". EE Times. January 24, 2011.
  13. ^ Focardi, S; Rossi, A (February 28, 2010). "A new energy source from nuclear fusion". Journal of Nuclear Physics (blog). Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  14. ^ "E-cat: l'Università di Bologna non è coinvolta" (Italian). UNIBO Magazine. University of Bologna, 5 November 2011.
  15. ^ Mackinson, Thomas (November 9, 2011). "Fusione fredda fatta in casa Grande scoperta o grande bufala?". Il Fatto Quotidiano. “L’Università – recita la nota – precisa di non essere coinvolta negli esperimenti sull’E-Cat condotti dalla società Leonardo Corp. di proprietà di Andrea Rossi. Nessun esperimento si è svolto presso l’Università di Bologna né è stato condotto da ricercatori dell’Università. Il Dipartimento di Fisica è pronto a svolgere esperimenti sull’apparato E-Cat non appena il contratto siglato con la EFA SrL (la società italiana di Andrea Rossi) sarà reso attivo: a questo scopo erano presenti agli esperimenti, in qualità di osservatori, i ricercatori dell’Università. L’Ateneo continua a seguire con grande attenzione l’evolversi della situazione”.
    TRANSLATION: “The University of Bologna - the notice states - is not involved on E-Cat experiments conducted by Leonardo Corp., the company owned by Andrea Rossi. The University of Bologna states also that: 1) none of the experiments made with E-Cat (including that of 28th October 2011) has been carried out at the University of Bologna or by any of its scientists; 2) the University of Bologna (Department of Physics) is ready to carry out direct experiments on the E-Cat as soon as the contract signed with EFA Srl (Andrea Rossi's Italian company) will be put in effect: this is the only reason why the University of Bologna researchers attended as observers to E-Cat experiments. The University of Bologna is carefully following the situation development”.
  16. ^ Avviso (Notice), in Italian. Department of Physics, University of Bologna, June 29, 2011.
    Avviso
    Bologna 29 Giugno, 2011
    Il Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna desidera comunicare che:
    • è stato firmato un contratto di Ricerca con la Ditta EFA srl del valore di € 500.000 (+IVA), della durata di 24 mesi, per effettuare ricerche nel campo della efficienza di produzione di energia degli impianti della Ditta;
    • il contratto di Ricerca diverrà attivo nel momento in cui il Dipartimento riceverà il pagamento della prima rata prevista;
    • il programma di ricerca (parte integrante del Contratto) prevede sia la misurazione delle prestazioni degli impianti che l’eventuale miglioramento della prestazioni.
    Informazioni ufficiali riguardo alla attività di ricerca in oggetto saranno fornite solo ed esclusivamente dal Dipartimento di Fisica o dall’Alma Mater Studiorum a cui il Dipartimento appartiene.
    Il Direttore del Dipartimento di Fisica
    Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
    TRANSLATION:
    Notice
    Bologna, 29 June 2011
    The Department of Physics at the Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna is pleased to communicate that:
    • a research contract, worth € 500,000.00 (+VAT) and lasting 24 months, has been signed with the EFA srl company, in order to carry out research concerning the energy production efficiency of the apparatuses built by the company;
    • the contract will become operational when the Department will receive the payment regarding the first planned instalment;
    • the planned research programme (included in the contract) involves both measurements of the performances of the apparatuses and eventual improvements of their performances.
    Official information on the planned research activity will be given exclusively by the Department of Physics or by the Alma Mater Studiorum (to which the Department belongs).
    The Director of the Department of Physics
    Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna
  17. ^ Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 2011-11-10. "c’è anche un contratto di collaborazione da 500mila euro in sospeso tra l’Efa e il Dipartimento di Fisica dell’ateneo bolognese. A quanto pare, fino a quando la ditta di Rossi non pagherà la prima rata, l’E-Cat non varcherà mai le soglie dei laboratori accademici."
    TRANSLATION: "there is a contract of collaboration, worth 500000 euros, between the EFA and the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, which is still not operational. It seems that, until the company of Rossi will not pay the first instalment, the E-Cat will never cross the gates of the laboratiories of the University."
  18. ^ a b c Ekström, Peter (2011‐05‐06). Kall Fusion på italienska (Cold fusion – Italian style) (Swedish and English).
  19. ^ a b Aleklett, Kjell (11 April 2011). "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?". Aleklett's Energy Mix (a WordPress blog). Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
  20. ^ a b c Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander (April 3, 2011), Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna, 29 March 2011, Ny Teknik Original article Swedish physicists on the E-cat: "It’s a nuclear reaction", 6 April 2011
  21. ^ The Future of Energy: Part 1 Podcast approved Transcript. At 4 minutes and 34 seconds, Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point". At 10 minutes and 35 seconds, Bushnell continued: "... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea."
  22. ^ a b c Mats Lewan (7 October 2011). "New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat". Ny Teknik.
  23. ^ James Randi (18 November 2011). The Randi Show - Cold Fusion and Carl Sagan. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 21 November 2011. Starting ~7:30 Randi says: "But I... I predict that, as I said just a moment ago there, that this man [Rossi] will probably go on the stock market and sell all kinds of shares and issue all kinds of wonderful reports left and right and, um, the reports will influence everybody—er, not everybody—but those who have money to waste and, uh, they will invest in it and then gradually it will become apparent to everybody: 'Gee, maybe it doesn't work.'
  24. ^ a b D.C. Denison (November 28, 2011), "Hope, skepticism for cold fusion", The Boston Globe
  25. ^ a b c http://news.discovery.com/space/could-interstellar-starships-use-cold-fusion-propulsion-111223.html The Physics of why the e-Cat's Cold Fusion Claims Collapse : Starts With A Bang]
  26. ^ Cold Fusion: Is it Possible? Is it Real? : Starts With A Bang
  27. ^ pre-print paper "Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System" - Yeong E. Kim - June 18, 2011
  28. ^ Kim, Yeong E. (2009), "Theory of Bose–Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles", Naturwissenschaften, 96 (7): 803–811, doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0537-6
  29. ^ International Preliminary Report on Patentability. World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  30. ^ Alasdair Wilkins (January 26, 2011), No, Italian Scientists Have Not Discovered Cold Fusion, Gizmodo.
  31. ^ a b WO 2009125444, "Method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions" 
  32. ^ Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 2011-11-10. "il 6 aprile 2011 è stato rilasciato un brevetto in Italia a nome della Efa srl, la società di Maddalena Pascucci, moglie di Andrea Rossi. La dicitura recita “ processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno”."
    TRANSLATION: On 6 April 2011 a patent was issued in Italy under tha name of of Efa srl, the company of Maddalena Pascucci, wife of Andrea Rossi. The heading is: “method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions”.
  33. ^ The patent granted 6 April, 2011, by the Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
  34. ^ a b Rossi, Andrea. "Method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions" WO 2009125444  2009-10-15
  35. ^ a b Lewan, Mats. "Patent granted for the energy catalyzer". Ny Teknik, 9 May 2011. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
  36. ^ Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 2011-11-10. "l’E-Cat di Rossi non ha ancora ottenuto né un brevetto europeo, né uno statunitense."
    TRANSLATION: "up to now neither a European patent nor a US one have been granted to Rossi's E-Cat."
  37. ^ Mats Lewan (February 2, 2011). "Cold fusion: Observing researcher wants more tests". Ny Teknik. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  38. ^ Lewan, Mats (February 23, 2011). "Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion". Ny Teknik.
  39. ^ a b Interview with Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén (Swedish w. English subtitles)]. Youtube.com (2001-05-09). Retrieved on 2011-07-10. Youtube. Transcript and longer interview in Cold Fusion: "You have to embrace this", NyTeknik, 23 February 2011
  40. ^ Lewan, Mats, Swedish physicists on the E-cat ″It’s a nuclear reaction″, Ny Teknik
  41. ^ La magia del signor Rossi, Angelo Saso, Rai News (Italian) (2011-05-03 20:35). Retrieved on 2011-07-10. (Youtube version in Rai News official channel. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.)
  42. ^ Lisa Zyga (Jan 20, 2011). "Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion (w/ Video)". physorg.com. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  43. ^ Benjamin Radford (Jan 21, 2011). "Cold fusion: Cold Fusion Claims Resurface". Discovery.com. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  44. ^ Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna 29 March 2011, Ny Teknik
  45. ^ Krivit, Steven (July 30, 2011). "Report #3: Scientific Analysis of Rossi, Focardi and Levi Claims". New Energy Times Magazine. New Energy Times.
  46. ^ Melis, Maurizio (8 October 2011). "Fusione fredda: nuovo esperimento". Radio 24. "Questa incertezza si può considerare superata con l’esperimento di ieri." TRANSLATION: "This uncertainty can be considered overcome by means of the experiment of yesterday."
  47. ^ Lewan, Mats (7 October 2011). "New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat". Ny Teknik. "The important new element in the test was that it was possible to bypass the controversial energy calculation, based on vaporization, by injecting the steam from the energy catalyzer into a heat exchanger, where a flow of water was heated."
  48. ^ Lewan, Mats (6 October 2011). Test of Energy Catalyzer, Ny Teknik. Retrieved on 2011-11-13.
  49. ^ "Defkalion Green Technologies".
  50. ^ "Andrea Rossi and EFA srl. announce that they have terminated the agreement with Praxen/Defkalion Green Technologies for the production of e-cats, Bologna-Roma (Italy)". August 4, 2011., Rossi's press release
  51. ^ Ny Teknik: Defkalion: “We have Rossi’s formula”
  52. ^ Ny Teknik: Defkalion shows specs but no technology
  53. ^ Mats Lewan (16 May 2011). "Energy catalyzer gets U.S. partner". Ny Teknik. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  54. ^ AmpEnergo. AmpEnergo. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
  55. ^ Ampenergo Certificate of Organization Secretary of State of Ohio, 20 April 2009, (via nyteknik.se)
  56. ^ E-Cat Commercialization in the Americas (Press Release) 27 June 2011. AmpEnergo. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
  57. ^ Zreick, Irene (November 15, 2011). "Fusione fredda: a chi fa gola l'E-Cat?" (Italian). Focus. Retrieved November 18, 2011. "Il cliente era rappresentato da Domenico Fioravanti, ingegnere, colonnello del Genio in pensione, che pare abbia scelto personalmente che cosa controllare, e come, durante il test. In conferenza Fioravanti affiancava Rossi, ma non c'è stato modo di strappare neppure un indizio sull'identità dell'azienda rappresentata."
    TRANSLATION: "The customer was represented by Domenico Fioravanti, engineer, retired colonel of the military engineering, who seemed to choose personally what to control, and how, during the test. In the course of the [press] conference Fioravanti was side by side with Rossi, but even a single hint concerning the identity of the represented company was impossible to get."
  58. ^ Brandon, John. "Cold Fusion Experiment: Major Success or Complex Hoax?". Fox News, November 2, 2011.
  59. ^ Lewan, Mats. "Half a megawatt E-cat in Bologna". NyTeknik, 29 October 2011. "Neither Ny Teknik nor any other of the guests had any possibility to check the measurements made."
  60. ^ Hambling, David. "Success for Andrea Rossi's E-Cat cold fusion system, but mysteries remain". Wired, 29 October 2011. "In other words, a group of unknown, unverifiable people carried out tests which cannot be checked. (...) as a demonstration it would have been more impressive for the reactor in its shipping container to be visibly disconnected while operating."
  61. ^ Hambling, David. "What to make of Andrea Rossi's apparent cold fusion success". Wired UK, November 6, 2011.
  62. ^ Nov 18, 2011 Where is the E-Cat?[1] The quote in the article says 130 MW, which was subsequently clarified to be 13 MW
  63. ^ Ny Teknik: Swedish physicists run the site Ecat.com
  64. ^ Irene Zreick (23 november 2011). "E-Cat and cold fusion: Andrea Rossi replies to Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson". Focus. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  65. ^ http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3384163.ece
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