Brain of Albert Einstein: Difference between revisions
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</ref> and the Native American, [[Ishi]]. The brain of [[Edward H. Rulloff]], a noted [[philologist]] and criminal, was removed after his death in 1871; in 1972, it was still the second largest brain on record.<ref>''New York Times'', Nov. 7, 1972, p. 37</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 04:24, 22 January 2014
The brain of physicist Albert Einstein has been a subject of much research and speculation. It was removed within seven and a half hours of his death. The brain has attracted attention because of Einstein's reputation for being one of the foremost geniuses of the 20th century, and apparent regularities or irregularities in the brain have been used to support various ideas about correlations in neuroanatomy with general or mathematical intelligence. Scientific studies have suggested that regions involved in speech and language are smaller, while regions involved with numerical and spatial processing are larger. Other studies have suggested an increased number of glial cells in Einstein's brain.[1]
Fate of the brain
Einstein's autopsy was conducted in a lab at Princeton Hospital by pathologist Thomas Stoltz Harvey shortly after his death in 1955. Harvey removed and weighed the brain and then brought it to a lab at the University of Pennsylvania where he dissected Einstein's brain into several pieces; some of the pieces he kept to himself while others were given to leading pathologists. He claimed he hoped that cytoarchitectonics would reveal useful information.[2] Harvey injected 11.4% formalin through the internal carotid arteries and afterwards suspended the intact brain in 10% formalin. Harvey photographed the brain from many angles. He then dissected it into about 240 blocks (each about 1 cm3) and encased the segments in a plastic-like material called collodion.[3][4] Harvey also removed Einstein's eyes, and gave them to Henry Abrams, Einstein's eye doctor.[2]
Whether or not Einstein's brain was removed and preserved with his prior consent is a matter of dispute. Ronald Clark's 1979 biography of Einstein said that "he had insisted that his brain should be used for research and that he be cremated", but more recent research has suggested that this may not be true and that the brain was removed and preserved with the permission of neither Einstein nor his close relatives. Hans Albert Einstein, the physicist's son, endorsed the removal after the event, but insisted that his father's brain should be used only for research to be published in scientific journals of high standing.[2]
In 1978, Einstein's brain was "rediscovered" in Dr. Harvey's possession by journalist Steven Levy.[5] The brain sections had been preserved in alcohol in two large mason jars within a cider box for over 20 years. A minor media sensation ensued, with reporters camping out for days on Dr. Harvey's lawn.
In 2010, Harvey's heirs transferred all of his holdings constituting the remains of Einstein's brain to the National Museum of Health and Medicine, including 14 photographs of the whole brain (which is now in fragments) never before revealed to the public.[6][7]
More recently, 46 small portions of Einstein's brain were acquired by the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia. In 2013, these thin slices, mounted on microscope slides, went on exhibit in the museum's permanent galleries.[8]
Scientific studies
Autopsy
Harvey had reported that Einstein had no parietal operculum in either hemisphere,[9] but this finding has been disputed.[10] Photographs of the brain show an enlarged Sylvian fissure. In 1999, further analysis by a team at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario revealed that his parietal operculum region in the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain was vacant. Also absent was part of a bordering region called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). Researchers at McMaster University speculated that the vacancy may have enabled neurons in this part of his brain to communicate better. "This unusual brain anatomy...[missing part of the Sylvian fissure]... may explain why Einstein thought the way he did," said Professor Sandra Witelson who led the research published in The Lancet. This study was based on photographs of the whole brain made at autopsy in 1955 by Harvey, and not direct examination of the brain. Einstein himself claimed that he thought visually rather than verbally. Professor Laurie Hall of Cambridge University commenting on the study, said, "To say there is a definite link is one bridge too far, at the moment. So far the case isn't proven. But magnetic resonance and other new technologies are allowing us to start to probe those very questions."[11]
Glial cells
In the 1980s, University of California, Berkeley professor Marian C. Diamond persuaded Thomas Harvey to give her samples of Einstein's brain. She compared the ratio of glial cells in Einstein's brain with that in the preserved brains of 11 men. (Glial cells provide support and nutrition in the brain, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission, and are the other integral component of the brain, beside the neurons.) Dr. Diamond's laboratory made thin sections of Einstein's brain, each 6 micrometers thick. They then used a microscope to count the cells. Einstein's brain had more glial cells relative to neurons in all areas studied, but only in the left inferior parietal area was the difference statistically significant. This area is part of the association cortex, regions of the brain responsible for incorporating and synthesizing information from multiple other brain regions.
The limitation that Diamond admits in her study is that she had only one Einstein to compare with 11 normal men. S. S. Kantha of the Osaka Bioscience Institute criticized Diamond's study, as did Terence Hines of Pace University.[2] Other issues related to Diamond's study point out glial cells continue dividing as a person ages and although Einstein's brain was 76, it was compared to a group who averaged 64 in age. Additionally there is little or no information regarding the samples of brains that Einstein's brain was compared against such as IQ score, neurological diseases or other relevant factors. Diamond also admitted that research disproving the study was omitted. His brain is now at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia and two of the 140 sections are on loan at the British Museum.[12]
Scientists are currently interested in the possibility that physical differences in brain structure could determine different abilities.[11] One part of the operculum called Broca's area plays an important role in speech production. To compensate, the inferior parietal lobe was 15 percent wider than normal.[13] The inferior parietal region is responsible for mathematical thought, visuospatial cognition, and imagery of movement.
Stronger Connection Between Brain Hemispheres
A study published in the journal Brain[14] in September 2013 analyzed Einstein's corpus callosum - a large bundle of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication in the brain - using a novel technique that allowed for a higher resolution measurement of the fiber thickness. Einstein's corpus callosum was compared to two sample groups: 15 elderly men and 52 men Einstein’s age (26) in 1905 or his Annus Mirabilis (Miracle Year). The findings show that Einstein had more extensive connections between certain parts of his cerebral hemispheres compared to both younger and older control groups.[15]
Newly recovered photographs
A study, "The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs",[10] was published on November 16, 2012, in the journal Brain. Dean Falk, an evolutionary anthropologist at Florida State University, led the study - which analysed 14 recently discovered photographs - and described the brain: "Although the overall size and asymmetrical shape of Einstein's brain were normal, the prefrontal, somatosensory, primary motor, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices were extraordinary."[16]
Brains of other geniuses
Preserving the brains of geniuses was not a new phenomenon—another brain to be preserved and discussed in a similar manner was that of the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss almost a hundred years earlier. His brain was studied by Rudolf Wagner who found its weight to be 1,492 grams and the cerebral area equal to 219,588 square millimeters.[17] Also found were highly developed convolutions, which was suggested as the explanation of his genius.[18] Other brains that were removed and studied include that of Vladimir Lenin<ref> Gregory, Paul R. (2007-12-31). Lenin's Brain and Other Tales From the Secret Soviet Archives. Hoover Institution Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8179-4811-2. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
See also
- Relics: Einstein's Brain, a 1994 documentary by Kevin Hull
References
- ^ Fields, R. Douglas (2009). The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7432-9141-5
- ^ a b c d NPR: The Long, Strange Journey of Einstein's Brain
- ^ The Exceptional Brain of Albert Einstein – BIOQUANT LIFE SCIENCE. Lifescience.bioquant.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
- ^ Why Einstein's Brain? by Marian Diamond
- ^ StevenLevy.com » I Found Einstein's Brain
- ^ Falk, Dean, Frederick E. Lepore, and Adrianne Noe (2012), "The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs", Brain; 135: 11.
- ^ Balter, Michael, "Rare photos show that Einstein's brain has unusual features", The Washington Post, Tuesday, 27 November 2012; E6.
- ^ http://articles.mcall.com/2013-02-02/entertainment/mc-einstein-mutter-museum-philadelphia-0203-20130202_1_body-parts-display-chang-and-eng
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 10382713, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=10382713instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1093/brain/aws295, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1093/brain/aws295instead. - ^ a b "Why size mattered for Einstein". BBC News. 1999-06-18. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ Edmonds, Molly. (2008-10-27) Discovery Health "Marian Diamond and Albert Einstein's Brain". Health.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
- ^ Robert Lee Hotz, Revealing thoughts on gender and brains, Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2005
- ^ Men, W. (24 September 2013). "The corpus callosum of Albert Einstein's brain: another clue to his high intelligence?". Brain. doi:10.1093/brain/awt252.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Einstein's brilliance might have been due to strong brain hemisphere connection".
- ^ "Uncommon Features of Einstein's Brain Might Explain His Remarkable Cognitive Abilities". Newswise. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^
Donaldson, Henry H. (1891). "Anatomical Observations on the Brain and Several Sense-Organs of the Blind Deaf-Mute, Laura Dewey Bridgman". The American Journal of Psychology. 4 (2). E. C. Sanford: 248–294. doi:10.2307/1411270. JSTOR 1411270.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) the reference says: "Gauss, 3000 grm. 957 grm. 219588. sq. mm. ", i.e the unit is square mm. In the later reference: Dunnington (1927), the unit is erroneously reported as square cm, which gives an unreasonably large area. See Carl Friedrich Gauss discussion page for additional info. - ^ Dunnington, 1927
