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=== Early life ===
=== Early life ===
Eu Chooi Yip was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. Eu’s parents came from Taishan,
Eu Chooi Yip was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. Eu’s parents came from Taishan,
Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School. As a child, he was taught by his sister about [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation.<ref name=":0" /> At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organized communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced Eu Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter [[Raffles College]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Joining the Communist Underground: the Conversion of English-educated Radicals to Communism in Singapore, June 1948-January 1951|last = Yeo|first = Kim Wah|date = 1994|journal = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 67, No. 1 (266).|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> Eu was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = “The Crucible of the Malayan Nation”: The University and the Making of a New Malaya, 1938-62.|last = Stockwell.|first = A. J.|date = 2009|journal = Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1149-1187.|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China’s struggle against Japan. He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow’s Book, ''Red Star over China'' and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism.<ref name=":1" />
Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School. As a child, he was taught by his sister about [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation.<ref name=":0" /> At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organized communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced Eu Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter [[Raffles College]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Joining the Communist Underground: the Conversion of English-educated Radicals to Communism in Singapore, June 1948-January 1951|last = Yeo|first = Kim Wah|date = 1994|journal = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 67, No. 1 (266).|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> Eu was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of [[Goh Keng Swee]], a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = “The Crucible of the Malayan Nation”: The University and the Making of a New Malaya, 1938-62.|last = Stockwell.|first = A. J.|date = 2009|journal = Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1149-1187.|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China’s struggle against Japan. He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow’s Book, ''Red Star over China'' and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism.<ref name=":1" />


=== A Left-wing Student ===
=== A Left-wing Student ===
Line 36: Line 36:
=== Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader ===
=== Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader ===
In Jakarta, Eu Chooi Yip established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from [[Chin Peng]], the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of [[Fong Chong Pik]]. The MCP planned to cooperate with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and trying to help establish the [[People's Action Party|People’s Action Party]] (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because Eu Chooi Yip, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to Eu Chooi Yip, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily take charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew<ref name=":0" />. In 1957, Eu Chooi Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with Eu, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about cooperation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname “the Plen”<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fong Chong Pik: The Memoirs of a Malayan Communist Revolutionary.|last = Fong|first = Chong Pik|publisher = The Strategic information
In Jakarta, Eu Chooi Yip established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from [[Chin Peng]], the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of [[Fong Chong Pik]]. The MCP planned to cooperate with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and trying to help establish the [[People's Action Party|People’s Action Party]] (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because Eu Chooi Yip, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to Eu Chooi Yip, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily take charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew<ref name=":0" />. In 1957, Eu Chooi Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with Eu, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about cooperation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname “the Plen”<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fong Chong Pik: The Memoirs of a Malayan Communist Revolutionary.|last = Fong|first = Chong Pik|publisher = The Strategic information
and research development centre|year = 2008|isbn = |location = |pages = 141}}</ref>. LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish cooperation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast<ref>{{Cite book|title = Battle for Merger|last = Lee|first = Kuan Yew|publisher = Straits Times Press|year = 1962|isbn = |location = |pages = 26}}</ref>.As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP’s support for the PAP would help LKY won the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power<ref name=":0" />. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore. As the Barisan Socialis split from the PAP, the MCP realized that they could not cooperate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store<ref name=":0" />.
and research development centre|year = 2008|isbn = |location = |pages = 141}}</ref>. LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish cooperation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast<ref>{{Cite book|title = Battle for Merger|last = Lee|first = Kuan Yew|publisher = Straits Times Press|year = 1962|isbn = |location = |pages = 26}}</ref>.As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP’s support for the PAP would help LKY won the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power<ref name=":0" />. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore. As the [[Barisan Sosialis]] split from the PAP, the MCP realized that they could not cooperate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store<ref name=":0" />.


In the early 1960s, when [[Sukarno]] served as the president of Indonesia, the MPC can organize activities publicly. Through the cooperation with [[Communist Party of Indonesia]], Eu established [[Malayan National Liberation League]]<ref name=":3" />. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cssm.org.cn/view.php?id=26188|title = The “Red Memory” of Eu Chooi Yip and Malaya|date = 2009|accessdate = |website = China Institute of Strategy and Management|publisher = |last = Cheng|first = Yinghong}}</ref>. In order to avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and to prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagan Api-Api of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964<ref name=":3" />. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.
In the early 1960s, when [[Sukarno]] served as the president of Indonesia, the MPC can organize activities publicly. Through the cooperation with [[Communist Party of Indonesia]], Eu established [[Malayan National Liberation League]]<ref name=":3" />. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url = http://www.cssm.org.cn/view.php?id=26188|title = The “Red Memory” of Eu Chooi Yip and Malaya|date = 2009|accessdate = |website = China Institute of Strategy and Management|publisher = |last = Cheng|first = Yinghong}}</ref>. In order to avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and to prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to [[Medan]], [[Aceh]], [[Bagansiapiapi]] of [[Sumatra]] and to [[Bintan Island]] and [[Batam|Batam Island]] of the [[Riau Islands|Riau islands]], in mid-1964<ref name=":3" />. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.


However, after the [[30 September Movement]] in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and Eu Chooi Yip served as the Secretary-General.
However, after the [[30 September Movement]] in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and Eu Chooi Yip served as the Secretary-General.


=== Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain ===
Eu stayed in China for many years. He later sought help from [[Goh Keng Swee]] to return to Singapore. He died in Singapore in 1995.
When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "[[cmn:马来亚革命之声广播电台|the Voice of Malayan Revolutio]]<nowiki/>n" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of [[Malayan Races Liberation Army|Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url = http://www.guancha.cn/WenZhai/2015_02_17_309845.shtml|title = The Radio Station of the MCP in China|date = 2015|accessdate = |website = Wenzhai|publisher = |last = Chen|first = Yinan}}</ref>. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, [[Mao Zedong]] helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]] Province in 1969 (during the period of [[Cultural Revolution]]). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. Eu Chooi Yip was director of the radio station’s Chinese branch. In addition, [[Communist Party of Burma]] and [[Communist Party of Thailand]] were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|url = |title = The Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Decline of the Left in Singapore.|last = Cheng|first = Yinghong|date = 2011|journal = Journal of Chinese Overseas 7, 211-246|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as ''Zhenxian Bao'' (''Front''), ''Party News, and People’s Forum''. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wave length of the radio station. A number of “red” cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party. However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan’s political agenda was dramatically radicalized which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao’s China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP’s confidence to fight the left through legal means<ref name=":6" />.

The radio station of “the Voice of Malayan Revolution” which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP<ref name=":4" />. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang “Red Songs”. People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP. However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases<ref name=":5" />. Eu Chooi Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well-written<ref name=":0" />. The main sources of newspaper were ''Sinchew'', ''Nanyang'', ''Strait Times'', ''Utusan Melayu'' and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the
battlefield reports and the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.

=== Return to Singapore ===
In the early 1980s, when [[Deng Xiaoping]] came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked<ref name=":4" />. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. Eu Chooi Yip was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. Eu Chooi Yip’s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the [[International Liaison Department of the Communist Party of China|Chinese International Liaison Department]] that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations<ref name=":4" />. Eu Chooi Yip accepted the invitation and returned to Singapore in 1991. Later, he served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:32, 19 November 2015

Template:Chinese name Eu Chooi Yip (Chinese: 余柱业; pinyin: Yú Zhùyè, 1918-1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 60s. Eu Chooi Yip was born in Kuantan, Malaysia.[1]

He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore’s first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After Eu Chooi Yip joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution. In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. Eu Chooi Yip served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He passed away in 1995.

Biography

Early life

Eu Chooi Yip was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. Eu’s parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School. As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation.[1] At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organized communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced Eu Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College.[2] Eu was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain[3]. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China’s struggle against Japan. He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow’s Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism.[2]

A Left-wing Student

After graduation in 1940, Eu worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, Eu Chooi Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticized slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.[4]

The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim.[5] Eu resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malay National Organization (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organize anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, Eu replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.[5] Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organizations of the coalition held the last conference. Eu proposed to decentralize the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organization of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organizations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference[6]. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the move to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolutionary. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, Eu Chooi Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist[7]. At the time, Eu was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists.[2] Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism.

Conversion to a Communist Member

The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organizations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu Chooi Yip’s left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.[2] The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. Eu started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because Eu Chooi Yip who has a bachelor degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. Eu began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP.[5] He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party.[2] They visited middle class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distribute communist propaganda productions.[5] Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid.[5] They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of Eu Chooi Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker’s ABL and Students’ ABL. A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including Eu Chooi Yip who became an official member of the MCP in 1950.[1]

The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya.[8] The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. Eu Chooi Yip and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.[9]

Eu Chooi Yip’s close friend, S Rajaratnam (Eu's housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) helped Eu to get medical treatment for his tuberculosis and gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British.[10] As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, Eu Chooi Yip was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP.[11]

Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader

In Jakarta, Eu Chooi Yip established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to cooperate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People’s Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because Eu Chooi Yip, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to Eu Chooi Yip, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily take charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew[1]. In 1957, Eu Chooi Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with Eu, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about cooperation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname “the Plen”[12]. LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish cooperation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast[13].As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP’s support for the PAP would help LKY won the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power[1]. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore. As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realized that they could not cooperate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store[1].

In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MPC can organize activities publicly. Through the cooperation with Communist Party of Indonesia, Eu established Malayan National Liberation League[11]. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore[14]. In order to avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and to prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964[11]. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.

However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and Eu Chooi Yip served as the Secretary-General.

Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain

When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army[15]. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. Eu Chooi Yip was director of the radio station’s Chinese branch. In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin[16]. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People’s Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wave length of the radio station. A number of “red” cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party. However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan’s political agenda was dramatically radicalized which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao’s China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP’s confidence to fight the left through legal means[16].

The radio station of “the Voice of Malayan Revolution” which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP[14]. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang “Red Songs”. People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP. However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases[15]. Eu Chooi Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well-written[1]. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Strait Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports and the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.

Return to Singapore

In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked[14]. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. Eu Chooi Yip was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. Eu Chooi Yip’s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations[14]. Eu Chooi Yip accepted the invitation and returned to Singapore in 1991. Later, he served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Eu, Chooi Yip (1992). Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. National Archive of Singapore.
  2. ^ a b c d e Yeo, Kim Wah (1994). "Joining the Communist Underground: the Conversion of English-educated Radicals to Communism in Singapore, June 1948-January 1951". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 67, No. 1 (266).
  3. ^ Stockwell., A. J. (2009). ""The Crucible of the Malayan Nation": The University and the Making of a New Malaya, 1938-62". Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1149-1187.
  4. ^ Eu, Chooi Yip (2006). Lang jian zhu meng Eu Chooi Yip: An Oral History. Selangor: Strategic Information and Research Development Center.
  5. ^ a b c d e Yeo, Kim Wah (1992). "Student Politics in University of Malaya, 1949-51". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 346-380.
  6. ^ Yeo, Kim Wah (1973). "The Anti-Federation Movement in Malaya, 1946-48". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 31-51.
  7. ^ Tregonning, K. G. (1979). "Tan Cheng Lock: A Malayan Nationalist". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 25-76.
  8. ^ Cheah, Boon-Kheng (2006). "The left-wing movement in Malaya, Singapore and Borneo in the 1960s: 'an era of hope or devil's decade?". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7 634-649.
  9. ^ Yeo, Kim Wah (1969). "A Study of Three Early Political Parties in Singapore, 1945-1955". Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, 115-141.
  10. ^ Chua, Beng Huat (1991). ". Singapore 1990: Celebrating the End of an Era". Southeast Asian Affairs, utheast Asian Affairs, pp. 253-266. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |journal= at position 16 (help)
  11. ^ a b c Hara, Fujio. (2010). "The Malayan Communist Party and the Indonesian Communist Party: Features of Co-operation". Journal of Chinese Overseas, 6 216-249.
  12. ^ Fong, Chong Pik (2008). Fong Chong Pik: The Memoirs of a Malayan Communist Revolutionary. The Strategic information and research development centre. p. 141. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 26 (help)
  13. ^ Lee, Kuan Yew (1962). Battle for Merger. Straits Times Press. p. 26.
  14. ^ a b c d Cheng, Yinghong (2009). "The "Red Memory" of Eu Chooi Yip and Malaya". China Institute of Strategy and Management.
  15. ^ a b Chen, Yinan (2015). "The Radio Station of the MCP in China". Wenzhai.
  16. ^ a b Cheng, Yinghong (2011). "The Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Decline of the Left in Singapore". Journal of Chinese Overseas 7, 211-246.


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