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==Beliefs==
==Beliefs==
{{fringe theories|section|date=November 2015}}

Beliefs held by raw foodists may include:
Beliefs held by raw foodists may include:
* That heating food above 104-118&nbsp;°Fahrenheit (40-49&nbsp;°C) starts to degrade and destroy the [[Enzymes#Biological function|enzymes]] in raw food that aid digestion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holisticjunction.com/articles/8019.html |title="Digestive Enzymes do More than just Aid Digestion", an article at Holistic Junction |publisher=Holisticjunction.com |date=2007-08-24 |accessdate=2010-05-12}} {{dead link|date=May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag99/apr99-cover.html |title=Life Extension Magazine, April 1999, '&#39;Digestive Enzymes: The Missing Link'&#39; |publisher=Lef.org |date=1999-04-01 |accessdate=2010-05-12}} {{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref> A few raw foodists such as Douglas Graham dispute the importance of enzymes in foods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foodnsport.com/blog/articles/enzymes-are-they-for-real.html |title=Enzymes: Are They for Real? |publisher=FoodnSport.com | first=Douglas | last=Graham}}</ref>
* That raw foods include [[bacteria]] and other [[micro-organisms]] that affect the [[immune system]] and [[digestion]] by populating the [[digestive tract]] with beneficial [[gut flora]]. In addition, many raw-foodists, particularly primal-dieters, are believers in the [[hygiene hypothesis]], a concept that promotes the health benefits of exposure to natural, symbiotic bacteria like those found in unpasteurized fermented foods.
* That raw foods have higher [[nutrient]] values than foods that have been cooked.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-cookinglossofnutrients.html |title=cooking, loss of nutrients - Health Information About cooking, loss of nutrients &#124; Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of Food and Nutrition |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref><ref name="Nutritiondata.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nutritiondata.com/topics/processing |title=Nutritional Effects of Food Processing – NutritionData.com |publisher=Nutritiondata.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref><ref name="jn.nutrition.org">{{Cite journal|first1=Agnes Fay |last1=Morgan |first2=Grace E. |last2=Kern |date=April 1934 |title=The Effect of Heat Upon the Biological Value of Meat Protein |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/7/4/367.pdf |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=367–79}}</ref>
* That raw foods have higher [[nutrient]] values than foods that have been cooked.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-cookinglossofnutrients.html |title=cooking, loss of nutrients - Health Information About cooking, loss of nutrients &#124; Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of Food and Nutrition |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref><ref name="Nutritiondata.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nutritiondata.com/topics/processing |title=Nutritional Effects of Food Processing – NutritionData.com |publisher=Nutritiondata.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref><ref name="jn.nutrition.org">{{Cite journal|first1=Agnes Fay |last1=Morgan |first2=Grace E. |last2=Kern |date=April 1934 |title=The Effect of Heat Upon the Biological Value of Meat Protein |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/7/4/367.pdf |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=367–79}}</ref>
* That [[processed food]] and [[convenience food]] often contain ''excitotoxins'' (such as [[flavour enhancer|flavor enhancers]]) that can cause [[excitotoxicity]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}. Foods with added chemicals, [[Food preservatives|preservatives]], [[Food additive|additives]], [[Food coloring|colouring agents/dyes]] of any kind are frowned upon by most raw-foodists.
⚫
* That wild foods followed by organic whole foods are more nutritious than conventionally domesticated foods or [[food industry|industrially produced foods]].
* That raw foods are the ideal food for human consumption, and the basis of a raw food lifestyle. Irritants or stimulants like coffee, alcohol, and tobacco are not recommended. Also heated fats and proteins like fried oils and roasted nuts are to be avoided, as they are deemed by many raw foodists to be carcinogenic.
* That cooked foods contain harmful toxins, which can cause chronic disease and other problems,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.living-foods.com/articles/rawfreshproduce.html |title=Raw Fresh Produce vs. Cooked Food |publisher=Living-foods.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref>
⚫
* That wild foods followed by organic whole foods are more nutritious than conventionally domesticated foods or [[food industry|industrially produced foods]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/86972.php |title=Organic Food Is More Nutritious Say EU Researchers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>
* That cooked foods contain harmful toxins, which can cause chronic disease and other problems,<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571290/Study-finds-acrylamide-link-to-cancer-in-women.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Study finds acrylamide link to cancer in women | first1=Roger | last1=Highfield | first2=Caroline | last2=Gammell | date=2007-12-03 | accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.living-foods.com/articles/rawfreshproduce.html |title=Raw Fresh Produce vs. Cooked Food |publisher=Living-foods.com |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref> Heating oils and fats can produce trace amounts of [[trans fat]]s.<ref>Washington Post, August 30, 2003, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62474-2005Mar1.html The Skinny on Trans Fats]: "For example, a recent study conducted to determine the levels of trans fat isomers formed by heat found that in canola oil heated to 500 degrees F for 30 minutes, trans fat levels were increased by only 1 percent."</ref> Cooking foods produces [[advanced glycation end product]]s ("glycotoxins", see also [[Maillard reaction]]).<ref name=kosch>{{Cite journal|pmid=9177242 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.12.6474 |year=1997 |last1=Koschinsky |first1=T |last2=He |last3=Mitsuhashi |last4=Bucala |last5=Liu |last6=Buenting |last7=Heitmann |last8=Vlassara |title=Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): An environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=6474–9 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |first2=CJ |first3=T |first4=R |first5=C |first6=C |first7=K |first8=H |pmc=21074}}</ref>
* That raw foods such as fruits and vegetables are high in [[antioxidants]], which raw-foodists believe can help to stifle signs of aging.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://facecreamcentral.com/battle-aging-with-the-raw-diet |title=Battling Aging with the Raw Diet |publisher=Facecreamcentral.com |date=2009-01-15 |accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref> Dr. [[Joel Fuhrman]], author of "Eat To Live", says that uncooked [[cruciferous vegetables]] have the most powerful anti-cancer effects of all foods. He also says that most of the phytonutrients function as antioxidants in the body, meaning they neutralize [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]], rendering them harmless and reducing cancer risk. Raw foodists believe that this property found in [[Alkalinity|alkaline]] living foods or raw food, which neutralizes free radicals, makes [[green smoothie]]s a powerful antioxidant drink.
* Because raw seeds and nuts are vulnerable to moldiness and rancidity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/MacroanalyticalProceduresManualMPM/ucm084406.htm |title=Macroanalytical Procedures Manual (MPM) - MPM: V-10. Nuts and Nut Products Methods |publisher=FDA.gov |date=2009-10-21 |accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> raw products made from these ingredients should stay refrigerated to maintain optimum nutritional value and flavor, as well as to minimize oxidation caused by the nut and seed oils' becoming rancid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rejuvenative.com/pages/Raw-Nut-and-Seed-Butters.html |title=Raw Nut Health Information and Raw Seed Health Information and Terminology |publisher=Rejuvenative.com |accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref>
* That air-pollution and smoking are extremely harmful to health. They also believe that recycled tapwater is harmful, especially fluoridated or chlorinated tapwater.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raw Food Explained |url=http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/chemicals-in-our-air/the-deadly-chemicals-in-our-air.html |title=The Deadly Chemicals In Our Air |work=Rawfoodexplained.com |accessdate=2014-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/thanks-for-not-smoking/ |title=Thanks For Not Smoking |work=Rawfoodexplained.com |accessdate=2014-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raw-food-diet-magazine.com/clean-safe-healthy-drinking-water.html |title=Where to find clean, safe, healthy drinking water |publisher=Raw-food-diet-magazine.com |accessdate=2014-05-12}}</ref>

===Food preparation===
===Food preparation===
[[Image:Légumes 01.jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Vegetables in a market</center>]]
[[Image:Légumes 01.jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Vegetables in a market</center>]]

Revision as of 07:48, 14 December 2015

This article is about raw food consumption in humans. For a raw diet for cats or dogs, see Raw feeding.

Raw foodism (or following a raw food diet) is the dietary practice of eating only uncooked, unprocessed foods.

Depending on the exact philosophy or type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, eggs, fish, meat and dairy products.[1] It may also include simply processed foods such as various types of sprouted seeds, cheese, and fermented foods such as yogurts, kefir, kombucha or sauerkraut, but generally not foods that have been pasteurized, homogenized, or produced with the use of synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilizers, industrial solvents or chemical food additives.

Varieties

Raw Vegan "Thanks-Giving Turkey"

Raw food diets are diets composed entirely of food that is uncooked or which is cooked at low temperatures.[2]

Raw veganism

Raw vegan "apple pie"
Main article: Raw veganism

A raw vegan diet consists of unprocessed, raw plant foods that have not been heated above 40–49 °C (104–120 °F). Raw vegans such as Brian Clement, Gabriel Cousens, Thierry Browers a.k.a. "Superlight", and Douglas Graham[3] believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are less healthful or even harmful to the body.[unbalanced opinion?] Advocates argue that raw or living foods have natural enzymes, which are critical in building proteins and rebuilding the body, and that heating these foods destroys the natural enzymes and can leave toxic materials behind. However, critics point out that enzymes, as with other proteins consumed in the diet, are denatured and eventually lysed by the digestive process, rendering them non-functional. Typical foods included in raw food diets are fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouted grains and legumes.

Among raw vegans there are some subgroups such as fruitarians, juicearians, or sproutarians. Fruitarians eat primarily or exclusively fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts. Juicearians process their raw plant foods into juice. Sproutarians adhere to a diet consisting mainly of sprouted seeds.

Raw vegetarianism

Vegetarianism is a diet that excludes meat (including game and byproducts like gelatin), fish (including shellfish and other sea animals) and poultry, but allows dairy and/or eggs. Common foods include fruit, vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, grains, legumes, dairy, eggs and honey. There are several variants of this diet.[4]

Raw animal food diets

Main article: Raw animal food diets
A sashimi dinner set
Steak tartare
Steak tartare with raw egg, capers and onions
Main ingredientsRaw beef
VariationsTartare aller-retour

Included in raw animal food diets are any food that can be eaten raw, such as uncooked, unprocessed raw muscle-meats/organ-meats/eggs, raw dairy, and aged, raw animal foods such as century eggs, fermented meat/fish/shellfish/kefir, as well as vegetables/fruits/nuts/sprouts/honey, but in general not raw grains, raw beans, and raw soy. Raw foods included on such diets have not been heated above 40 °C (104 °F).[5] Raw animal foodists believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost a lot of their nutritional value and are less bioavailable. Many believe that raw meats should come from sources such as grassfed meats or wild game rather than grainfed or factory-farmed meats.

Examples of raw animal food diets include the Primal Diet,[6][7] Anopsology (otherwise known as "Instinctive Eating" or "Instincto"), and the Raw Paleolithic diet[8][9] (otherwise known as the "Raw Meat Diet").[10]

The Primal Diet consists of fatty meats, organ meats, dairy, honey, minimal fruit and vegetable juices, and coconut products, all raw.

The "Raw Meat Diet", otherwise known as the "Raw, Paleolithic Diet",[9][11] is a raw version of the (cooked) Paleolithic Diet, incorporating large amounts of raw animal foods such as meats/organ-meats, seafood, eggs, and some raw plant-foods, but usually avoiding non-Paleo foods such as raw dairy, grains, and legumes.[9][10]

A number of traditional aboriginal diets consisted of large quantities of raw meats, organ meats, and berries, including the traditional diet of the Nenets tribe of Siberia and the Inuit people.[12][13][14]

History

In the 1830s, Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham promoted dietary principles similar to the raw food diet as a proposed cure for the then-current cholera epidemic threatening to strike the United States. Graham, most noted for the famous graham cracker, claimed chronic disease in general and cholera in particular could be prevented by drinking pure water and eating simple fresh food not complicated or compounded by culinary practices.[15] Graham saw such simple fare as a method to cure lust; for Graham, an unhealthy diet stimulated excessive sexual desire which irritated the body and caused disease.

Raw food as a dietary health treatment was first developed in Switzerland by medical doctor Maximilian Bircher-Benner, inventor of muesli. After recovering from jaundice while eating raw apples, he conducted experiments into the effects on human health of raw vegetables. In November 1897, he opened a sanatorium in Zurich called "Vital Force," named after a "key term from the German lifestyle reform movement, which states that people should pattern their lives after the logic determined by nature".[16][unbalanced opinion?][unreliable source?]

Weston A. Price, in a 1939 work titled Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, observed dental degeneration in the first generation abandoning traditional nutrient-dense foods, which included unprocessed raw milk. Price claimed that the parents of such first-generation children had excellent jaw development and dental health, while their children had malocclusion and tooth decay and attributed this to their new modern diet insufficient in nutrients.[17] Price also noted, in his book, that the healthiest tribes he visited all incorporated some raw animal foods in their diets.[unbalanced opinion?]

Other notable proponents from the early part of this century include Ann Wigmore, Norman W. Walker (inventor of the Norwalk Juicing Press), and Herbert Shelton. Shelton was arrested, jailed, and fined numerous times for practicing medicine without a license during his career as an advocate of rawism and other alternative health and diet philosophies.[18] Shelton's legacy, as popularized by books like Fit for Life by Harvey and Marilyn Diamond, has been deemed "pseudonutrition" by the National Council Against Health Fraud.[19]

Leslie Kenton's book Raw Energy - Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, published in 1984, popularized food such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices.[20] The book brought together research into raw foodism and its support of health. It cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived Hunza people and Gerson therapy, an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful[21][22] raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.[21] The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food which it claims will prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance.[unbalanced opinion?]

Beliefs

Beliefs held by raw foodists may include:

  • That heating food above 104-118 °Fahrenheit (40-49 °C) starts to degrade and destroy the enzymes in raw food that aid digestion.[23][24] A few raw foodists such as Douglas Graham dispute the importance of enzymes in foods.[25]
  • That raw foods include bacteria and other micro-organisms that affect the immune system and digestion by populating the digestive tract with beneficial gut flora. In addition, many raw-foodists, particularly primal-dieters, are believers in the hygiene hypothesis, a concept that promotes the health benefits of exposure to natural, symbiotic bacteria like those found in unpasteurized fermented foods.
  • That raw foods have higher nutrient values than foods that have been cooked.[26][27][28]
  • That processed food and convenience food often contain excitotoxins (such as flavor enhancers) that can cause excitotoxicity[citation needed]. Foods with added chemicals, preservatives, additives, colouring agents/dyes of any kind are frowned upon by most raw-foodists.
  • That raw foods are the ideal food for human consumption, and the basis of a raw food lifestyle. Irritants or stimulants like coffee, alcohol, and tobacco are not recommended. Also heated fats and proteins like fried oils and roasted nuts are to be avoided, as they are deemed by many raw foodists to be carcinogenic.
  • That wild foods followed by organic whole foods are more nutritious than conventionally domesticated foods or industrially produced foods.[29]
  • That cooked foods contain harmful toxins, which can cause chronic disease and other problems,[30][31] Heating oils and fats can produce trace amounts of trans fats.[32] Cooking foods produces advanced glycation end products ("glycotoxins", see also Maillard reaction).[33]
  • That raw foods such as fruits and vegetables are high in antioxidants, which raw-foodists believe can help to stifle signs of aging.[34] Dr. Joel Fuhrman, author of "Eat To Live", says that uncooked cruciferous vegetables have the most powerful anti-cancer effects of all foods. He also says that most of the phytonutrients function as antioxidants in the body, meaning they neutralize free radicals, rendering them harmless and reducing cancer risk. Raw foodists believe that this property found in alkaline living foods or raw food, which neutralizes free radicals, makes green smoothies a powerful antioxidant drink.
  • Because raw seeds and nuts are vulnerable to moldiness and rancidity,[35] raw products made from these ingredients should stay refrigerated to maintain optimum nutritional value and flavor, as well as to minimize oxidation caused by the nut and seed oils' becoming rancid.[36]
  • That air-pollution and smoking are extremely harmful to health. They also believe that recycled tapwater is harmful, especially fluoridated or chlorinated tapwater.[37][38][39]

Food preparation

Vegetables in a market

Many foods in raw food diets are simple to prepare, such as fruits, salads, meat, and dairy.[citation needed] Other foods can require considerable advanced planning to prepare for eating. Rice and some other grains, for example, require sprouting or overnight soaking to become digestible. Many raw foodists believe it is best to soak nuts and seeds before eating them, to activate their enzymes, and deactivate enzyme inhibitors.[40] The amount of soak time varies for all nuts and seeds.

According to some cookbook authors, preparation of gourmet raw food recipes usually calls for a blender, food processor, juicer, and dehydrator.[41] Depending on the recipe, some food (such as crackers, breads and cookies) may need to be dehydrated. These processes, which produce foods with the taste and texture of cooked food, are lengthy.

Freezing food is acceptable, even though freezing lowers enzyme activity. This view is only held by some raw-foodists, with many raw-foodists actually viewing freezing as harmful,[42][43] though not as unhealthy as cooking.

Research

A study surveying people practicing raw vegan diets of varying intensities found that 30% of the women under age 45 had partial to complete amenorrhoea and that "subjects eating high amounts of raw food (> 90%) were affected more frequently than moderate raw food dieters". The study concluded that since many raw food dieters were underweight and exhibited amenorrhoea "a very strict raw vegan diet cannot be recommended on a long-term basis".[44]

A meta-analysis of scientific studies from 1994 to 2004 concluded there to be an inverse correlation between the risk of developing certain types of cancer and eating both raw and cooked vegetables. Consumption of raw vegetables tended to be associated with decreased cancer risks somewhat more often than consumption of cooked vegetables.[45] The majority of studies included show an inverse association between both raw and cooked vegetables and cancer. On the other hand, certain studies have indicated detrimental health effects stemming from raw vegan diets.[46][47][48] A 2005 study has shown that a raw vegan diet is associated with a lower bone density.[49] One study of raw vegan diets shows amenorrhea and underweightness in women.[50] Another one indicates an increased risk of dental erosion with a raw vegan diet.[51]

Nutritional deficiencies in raw vegan diets

Care is required in planning a raw vegan diet, especially for children.[52] Dr. Joel Fuhrman, author of Disease-Proof Your Child, says there may not be enough vitamin B12, enough vitamin D, and enough calories for a growing child on a totally raw vegan diet. Fuhrman fed his own four children raw and cooked vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains, beans, and occasionally eggs.[53]

Food poisoning

Food poisoning is a health risk for all people eating raw foods, and increased demand for raw foods is associated with greater incidence of foodborne illness,[54] especially for raw meat, fish, and shellfish.[55][56] Outbreaks of gastroenteritis among consumers of raw and undercooked animal products (including smoked, pickled or dried animal products[55]) are well-documented, and include raw meat,[55][57][58] raw organ meat,[57] raw fish (whether ocean-going or freshwater),[55][56][58] shellfish,[59] raw milk and products made from raw milk,[60][61][62] and raw eggs.[63]

Food poisoning attributed to contaminated raw produce has risen tenfold since the 1970s.[64] Salad, lettuce, juice, melon, sprouts, and berries were most frequently implicated in outbreaks.[64]

Many raw plant foods have been contaminated by dangerous and even deadly microorganisms,[65] including jalapeño and serrano peppers,[65] alfalfa sprouts and other sprouted seeds,[66][67] green onions,[68] spinach,[69] lettuce,[69] orange juice,[70] apple juice and other unpasteurized fruit juices.[71]

Controversies

Richard Wrangham, a primate researcher and professor of anthropology, has suggested that eating cooked food is more "natural" for the human digestive system, because the human digestive system may have evolved to deal with cooked foods.[72][73] Wrangham thinks that cooking explains the increase in hominid brain sizes, smaller digestive tract, smaller teeth and jaws and decrease in sexual dimorphism that occurred roughly 1.8 million years ago.[72][73] Most other anthropologists oppose Wrangham,[74] stating that archaeological evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest only c.250,000 years ago, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the Middle East. Two million years ago, the only sign of fire is burnt earth with human remains, which most other anthropologists consider to be mere coincidence rather than evidence of intentional fire.[75] The mainstream view among anthropologists [76] is that the increases in human brain-size occurred well before the advent of cooking, due to a shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to the consumption of raw meat.[77][78]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raw food.

References

  1. ^ Wong, Cathy (17 September 2007). "Raw Food Diet". About.com. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  2. ^ Kaufman CF (2013). Smith AF, Kraig B (ed.). Cooking Techniques. Vol. volume 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 537–544. ISBN 978-0-19-973496-2. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Graham, Douglas. "The Challenges of Going on a Raw Food Diet". FoodnSport.com. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
  4. ^ "AskOxford: vegetarian". Askoxford.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  5. ^ "Primal Dieting: Eat Your Raw food With A Roar!". Foodenquirer.com. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  6. ^ Green, Emily (2001-01-31). "Meat but No Heat - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  7. ^ "Vue Weekly: Edmonton's 100% Independent Weekly: Well met, raw meat: hoorah for raw!". Vueweekly.com. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
  8. ^ "Raw Paleo Diet - The Raw Paleolithic Diet & Lifestyle!". Rawpaleodiet.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  9. ^ a b c "Raw Paleo Diet – RVAF Systems Overview".
  10. ^ a b More for less (2005-06-12). "The raw meat diet: do you have the stomach for the latest celebrity food fad? - Health News, Health & Wellbeing - The Independent". London: Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  11. ^ "Raw Paleo Diet - The Raw Paleolithic Diet & Lifestyle!". Rawpaleodiet.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  12. ^ Viestad, Andreas (2008-05-14). "Where Home Cooking Gets the Cold Shoulder". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  13. ^ "BBC NEWS | In pictures: Cooking in the Danger Zone, Rotten walrus meat". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  14. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  15. ^ Graham, Sylvester. Lectures on the science of human life. 1849.
  16. ^ "Biography of Max Bircher-Benner". Retrieved 2011-07-11.
  17. ^ "Weston Price: Nutrition and Physical Degeneration; Table of Contents". Journeytoforever.org. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  18. ^ Herbert M. Shelton
  19. ^ Jarvis, Ph.D., William T. "Fasting". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  20. ^ "new insight - feature article, Roger McGough interview". Nigelberman.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  21. ^ a b "Gerson Therapy". American Cancer Society. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  22. ^ [http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/gerson-therapy Cancer Research UK, Gerson therapy. "Some elements of the Gerson diet are definitely healthy, for instance eating low fat food and lots of fresh fruit and vegetables. But taking this to the extreme and eating very large quantities of one food group in a certain way (juicing), without balancing it with other food groups, isn’t a healthy diet. It can be very harmful for people who are already weak and ill."
  23. ^ ""Digestive Enzymes do More than just Aid Digestion", an article at Holistic Junction". Holisticjunction.com. 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2010-05-12. [dead link‍]
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  27. ^ "Nutritional Effects of Food Processing – NutritionData.com". Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  28. ^ Morgan, Agnes Fay; Kern, Grace E. (April 1934). "The Effect of Heat Upon the Biological Value of Meat Protein" (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. 7 (4): 367–79.
  29. ^ "Organic Food Is More Nutritious Say EU Researchers". Medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  30. ^ Highfield, Roger; Gammell, Caroline (2007-12-03). "Study finds acrylamide link to cancer in women". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  31. ^ "Raw Fresh Produce vs. Cooked Food". Living-foods.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  32. ^ Washington Post, August 30, 2003, The Skinny on Trans Fats: "For example, a recent study conducted to determine the levels of trans fat isomers formed by heat found that in canola oil heated to 500 degrees F for 30 minutes, trans fat levels were increased by only 1 percent."
  33. ^ Koschinsky, T; He, CJ; Mitsuhashi, T; Bucala, R; Liu, C; Buenting, C; Heitmann, K; Vlassara, H (1997). "Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): An environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (12): 6474–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6474. PMC 21074. PMID 9177242.
  34. ^ "Battling Aging with the Raw Diet". Facecreamcentral.com. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  35. ^ "Macroanalytical Procedures Manual (MPM) - MPM: V-10. Nuts and Nut Products Methods". FDA.gov. 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  36. ^ "Raw Nut Health Information and Raw Seed Health Information and Terminology". Rejuvenative.com. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  37. ^ Raw Food Explained. "The Deadly Chemicals In Our Air". Rawfoodexplained.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  38. ^ "Thanks For Not Smoking". Rawfoodexplained.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  39. ^ "Where to find clean, safe, healthy drinking water". Raw-food-diet-magazine.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  40. ^ Calabrese, Karyn (2011). "Soak Your Nuts: Cleansing With Karyn: Detox Secrets for Inner Healing and Outer Beauty." Healthy Living Publications
  41. ^ "About the Raw Food (Living Foods) Diet". Allmyrecipes.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  42. ^ "Selection & Storage Of Foods, I - Does Freezing Harm Foods?". Rawfoodexplained.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  43. ^ "Raw Food Eating". Rawfoodstips.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
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