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[[File:Logo-Mainzer-Adelsverein-1842.jpg|right|thumb|Logo of ''Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas'']]
[[File:Logo-Mainzer-Adelsverein-1842.jpg|right|thumb|Logo of ''Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas'']]
The '''''Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein''''' (''Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas'' / '''Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas'''), better known as '''''Adelsverein''''' ({{IPA-de|ˈaːdəlsfɐˌʔaɪn}}, "Nobility Society"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Terry G|title=Germans|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/png02|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> within the borders of [[Texas]].<ref name="Adelsverein">{{cite web|last=Brister|first=Louis E|title=Adelsverein|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=30 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101221114607/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01| archivedate= 21 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
The '''''Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein''''' (''Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas'' / '''Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas'''), better known as '''''Adelsverein''''' ({{IPA-de|ˈaːdəlsfɐˌʔaɪn}}, "Nobility Society"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Terry G|title=Germans|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/png02|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> within the borders of [[Texas]].<ref name="Adelsverein">{{cite web|last=Brister|first=Louis E|title=Adelsverein|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=February 15, 2016}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Adelsverein was organized on April 20, 1842, by 21 German noblemen at [[Wiesbaden-Biebrich|Biebrich]] on the [[Rhine]], in the castle of the future [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]], then the reigning [[Duke of Nassau]] in Germany, who was named Protector of the Society.<ref name="p33">King (1967) p.33</ref> In Germany, the society was referred to as ''Mainzer Adelsverein'' after the city of [[Mainz]] where it was officially registered. The society represented a significant effort to establish a new Germany on Texas soil through organized mass emigration.<ref name="Adelsverein">[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01 TSHA Online – Texas State Historical Association<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The land for the emigrants was to be purchased by the Adelsverein or secured through [[land grant]]s from the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name=wolff>{{cite book|last=Wolff|first=Linda|title=Indianola and Matagorda Island 1837 – 1887|year=1999|publisher=Eakin Press|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=1-57168-340-2|pages=8}}</ref>
Adelsverein was organized on April 20, 1842, by 21 German noblemen at [[Wiesbaden-Biebrich|Biebrich]] on the [[Rhine]], in the castle of the future [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]], then the reigning [[Duke of Nassau]] in Germany, who was named Protector of the Society.<ref name="p33">King (1967) p.33</ref> In Germany, the society was referred to as ''Mainzer Adelsverein'' after the city of [[Mainz]] where it was officially registered. The society represented a significant effort to establish a new Germany on Texas soil through organized mass emigration.<ref name="Adelsverein"/> The land for the emigrants was to be purchased by the Adelsverein or secured through [[land grant]]s from the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name=wolff>{{cite book|last=Wolff|first=Linda|title=Indianola and Matagorda Island 1837 – 1887|year=1999|publisher=Eakin Press|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=1-57168-340-2|pages=8}}</ref>


On January 9, 1843, [[Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck]] bought the 4,428-acre [[Nassau Plantation (Texas)|Nassau Plantation]] in [[Fayette County, Texas|Fayette County]] for $0.75 an acre and named it for [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Duke Adolf]] (who, having lost his duchy to [[Prussia]] in 1866, would become sovereign [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] by inheritance in 1890). The plantation was maintained by slave labor and operated for the recreational pleasure of the Adelsverein.<ref name="Campbell 1991 217">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Randolph B|title=An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865|year=1991|publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-1723-1|page=217}}</ref> Initially, the plantation was considered as the primary base for arriving German immigrants.<ref name="p33"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Garrett|first=Daphne Dalton|title=Nassau Farm|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/acn01|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=29 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101130114314/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/acn01| archivedate= 30 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Twenty-five slaves were bought to work on the property. When Prince Solms inspected the plantation in 1844, he recommended the Verein divest itself of the property, rather than be associated with slavery.<ref name="Campbell 1991 217"/> Gustav Dresel, Special Business Agent for the Adelsverein, sold Nassau plantation on July 28, 1848 to Otto von Roeder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dresel|first=Gustav|title=Gustav Dresel's Houston Journal: Adventures in North America and Texas, 1837–1841|year=1954|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72554-6|author2=Freund, Max (Translator)|page=xxiv}}</ref> Von Roeder had been the first settler in [[Shelby, Texas]], in 1841, a year before the Adelsverein was founded in Germany, and three years before the Adelsverein sent its first colonists to Texas. Von Roeder had emigrated to Texas from [[Westphalia]] in the 1830s and was not affiliated with the Adelsverein's colonization efforts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shearer|first=Davis Bowman|title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505281-7|page=41}}</ref> The community of Shelby had been named for David Shelby, one of [[the Old Three Hundred]] under [[Stephen F. Austin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=David Shelby|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh17|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> Shelby became the home of many Adelsverein colonists in 1845, but it was not founded by the organization. Because many of its German settlers spoke Latin, Shelby is believed to be part of the [[Latin Settlement]] communities populated in Texas at that time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Long|first=Christopher|title=Shelby, Texas|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hls41|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>
On January 9, 1843, [[Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck]] bought the 4,428-acre [[Nassau Plantation (Texas)|Nassau Plantation]] in [[Fayette County, Texas|Fayette County]] for $0.75 an acre and named it for [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Duke Adolf]] (who, having lost his duchy to [[Prussia]] in 1866, would become sovereign [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] by inheritance in 1890). The plantation was maintained by slave labor and operated for the recreational pleasure of the Adelsverein.<ref name="Campbell 1991 217">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Randolph B|title=An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865|year=1991|publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-1723-1|page=217}}</ref> Initially, the plantation was considered as the primary base for arriving German immigrants.<ref name="p33"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Garrett|first=Daphne Dalton|title=Nassau Farm|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/acn01|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=29 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101130114314/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/acn01| archivedate= 30 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Twenty-five slaves were bought to work on the property. When Prince Solms inspected the plantation in 1844, he recommended the Verein divest itself of the property, rather than be associated with slavery.<ref name="Campbell 1991 217"/> Gustav Dresel, Special Business Agent for the Adelsverein, sold Nassau plantation on July 28, 1848 to Otto von Roeder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dresel|first=Gustav|title=Gustav Dresel's Houston Journal: Adventures in North America and Texas, 1837–1841|year=1954|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72554-6|author2=Freund, Max (Translator)|page=xxiv}}</ref> Von Roeder had been the first settler in [[Shelby, Texas]], in 1841, a year before the Adelsverein was founded in Germany, and three years before the Adelsverein sent its first colonists to Texas. Von Roeder had emigrated to Texas from [[Westphalia]] in the 1830s and was not affiliated with the Adelsverein's colonization efforts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shearer|first=Davis Bowman|title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505281-7|page=41}}</ref> The community of Shelby had been named for David Shelby, one of [[the Old Three Hundred]] under [[Stephen F. Austin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=David Shelby|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh17|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> Shelby became the home of many Adelsverein colonists in 1845, but it was not founded by the organization. Because many of its German settlers spoke Latin, Shelby is believed to be part of the [[Latin Settlement]] communities populated in Texas at that time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Long|first=Christopher|title=Shelby, Texas|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hls41|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>
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[[Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels]] was appointed commissioner general by the Adelsverein in May 1844 to lead its colony in Texas. Each head of household was required to deposit 600 [[Baden gulden|gulden]] (300 gulden for a single person) with the Adelsverein to cover transportation and housing at the colony and as credit to draw upon until they made their first harvest.<ref name=wolff /> The first Adelsverein-sponsored immigrants arrived in [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] in July 1844. They traveled from Galveston to [[Indianola, Texas|Indianola]] in December 1844, then moved inland to land grants acquired by the Adelsverein near [[Comal Springs]]. Prince Solms named the first colony [[New Braunfels, Texas|New Braunfels]] in honor of his homeland.
[[Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels]] was appointed commissioner general by the Adelsverein in May 1844 to lead its colony in Texas. Each head of household was required to deposit 600 [[Baden gulden|gulden]] (300 gulden for a single person) with the Adelsverein to cover transportation and housing at the colony and as credit to draw upon until they made their first harvest.<ref name=wolff /> The first Adelsverein-sponsored immigrants arrived in [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] in July 1844. They traveled from Galveston to [[Indianola, Texas|Indianola]] in December 1844, then moved inland to land grants acquired by the Adelsverein near [[Comal Springs]]. Prince Solms named the first colony [[New Braunfels, Texas|New Braunfels]] in honor of his homeland.


[[Henry Francis Fisher]] and [[Burchard Miller]] sold their 1842 land grant to the Adelsverein on June 22, 1844. This grant was intended to provide for more settlements in Texas.<ref name="Adelsverein">[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01 TSHA Online – Texas State Historical Association]</ref>{{Main|Fisher-Miller Land Grant}} {{Main|History of Fredericksburg, Texas}} After Prince Solms returned to Germany, [[John O. Meusebach]] was appointed the second commissioner general of the Adelsverein in April 1845. He founded the first settlement on the outskirts of the land grant, and named it [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]], in honor of Adelsverein member [[Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794–1863)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]]. The land grant was located in [[Comanche]] territory, and to colonize, Meusebach first negotiated a treaty between the German Immigration Company (Adelsverein) and the Penateka Comanche.{{Main|Meusebach–Comanche Treaty}} A separate agreement was made with the [[Darmstadt Forty]], to settle socialist colonies within the land grant.
[[Henry Francis Fisher]] and [[Burchard Miller]] sold their 1842 land grant to the Adelsverein on June 22, 1844. This grant was intended to provide for more settlements in Texas.<ref name="Adelsverein"/>{{Main|Fisher-Miller Land Grant}} {{Main|History of Fredericksburg, Texas}} After Prince Solms returned to Germany, [[John O. Meusebach]] was appointed the second commissioner general of the Adelsverein in April 1845. He founded the first settlement on the outskirts of the land grant, and named it [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]], in honor of Adelsverein member [[Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794–1863)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]]. The land grant was located in [[Comanche]] territory, and to colonize, Meusebach first negotiated a treaty between the German Immigration Company (Adelsverein) and the Penateka Comanche.{{Main|Meusebach–Comanche Treaty}} A separate agreement was made with the [[Darmstadt Forty]], to settle socialist colonies within the land grant.


In 1853, due to a large amount of debt, Adelsverein ended its colonization campaign in Texas.<ref name="German Texan History">[http://www.houstonculture.org/cr/germans.html The German Texans<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1853, due to a large amount of debt, Adelsverein ended its colonization campaign in Texas.<ref name="German Texan History">[http://www.houstonculture.org/cr/germans.html The German Texans<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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==References==
==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
==Additional sourcing==
⚫
*{{cite book|last=King|first=Irene Marschall|title=John O.Meusebach|year=1967| publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73656-6|pages=}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikisource author|Otfried Hans Freiherr von Meusebach}}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00025/cah-00025.html A Guide to the Solms-Braunfels Archives, 1842–1957 at UT-Austin]
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00025/cah-00025.html A Guide to the Solms-Braunfels Archives, 1842–1957 at UT-Austin]
*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbi27 August von Bibra in ''Handbook of Texas Online'']
*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbi27 August von Bibra in ''Handbook of Texas Online'']
Line 89: Line 92:
*[http://home.versanet.de/~heinemannwetter/Busch/images/sb5ae.htm Immigration Contract 1845]
*[http://home.versanet.de/~heinemannwetter/Busch/images/sb5ae.htm Immigration Contract 1845]
*[http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/tex/searchterm/A2009.0006/mode/exact Collection of Adelsverein Documents, 1845-1864] This collection includes 44 documents relating to the German colonization of Texas and the Adelsverein, also known as Society for the Protection of German Emigrants to Texas (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas). The Adelsverein brought thousands of German emigrants to Texas beginning in 1844. These documents include land grants, emigration contracts, promotional materials, and fiscal documents.
*[http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/tex/searchterm/A2009.0006/mode/exact Collection of Adelsverein Documents, 1845-1864] This collection includes 44 documents relating to the German colonization of Texas and the Adelsverein, also known as Society for the Protection of German Emigrants to Texas (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas). The Adelsverein brought thousands of German emigrants to Texas beginning in 1844. These documents include land grants, emigration contracts, promotional materials, and fiscal documents.

⚫
==Additional sourcing==

⚫
*{{cite book|last=King|first=Irene Marschall|title=John O.Meusebach|year=1967| publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73656-6|pages=}}


[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Texas]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Texas]]

Revision as of 13:34, 15 February 2016

Logo of Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas

The Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas / Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas), better known as Adelsverein (German pronunciation: [ˈaːdəlsfɐˌʔaɪn], "Nobility Society"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new Germany[1] within the borders of Texas.[2]

History

Adelsverein was organized on April 20, 1842, by 21 German noblemen at Biebrich on the Rhine, in the castle of the future Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, then the reigning Duke of Nassau in Germany, who was named Protector of the Society.[3] In Germany, the society was referred to as Mainzer Adelsverein after the city of Mainz where it was officially registered. The society represented a significant effort to establish a new Germany on Texas soil through organized mass emigration.[2] The land for the emigrants was to be purchased by the Adelsverein or secured through land grants from the Republic of Texas.[4]

On January 9, 1843, Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck bought the 4,428-acre Nassau Plantation in Fayette County for $0.75 an acre and named it for Duke Adolf (who, having lost his duchy to Prussia in 1866, would become sovereign Grand Duke of Luxembourg by inheritance in 1890). The plantation was maintained by slave labor and operated for the recreational pleasure of the Adelsverein.[5] Initially, the plantation was considered as the primary base for arriving German immigrants.[3][6] Twenty-five slaves were bought to work on the property. When Prince Solms inspected the plantation in 1844, he recommended the Verein divest itself of the property, rather than be associated with slavery.[5] Gustav Dresel, Special Business Agent for the Adelsverein, sold Nassau plantation on July 28, 1848 to Otto von Roeder.[7] Von Roeder had been the first settler in Shelby, Texas, in 1841, a year before the Adelsverein was founded in Germany, and three years before the Adelsverein sent its first colonists to Texas. Von Roeder had emigrated to Texas from Westphalia in the 1830s and was not affiliated with the Adelsverein's colonization efforts.[8] The community of Shelby had been named for David Shelby, one of the Old Three Hundred under Stephen F. Austin.[9] Shelby became the home of many Adelsverein colonists in 1845, but it was not founded by the organization. Because many of its German settlers spoke Latin, Shelby is believed to be part of the Latin Settlement communities populated in Texas at that time.[10]

Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels was appointed commissioner general by the Adelsverein in May 1844 to lead its colony in Texas. Each head of household was required to deposit 600 gulden (300 gulden for a single person) with the Adelsverein to cover transportation and housing at the colony and as credit to draw upon until they made their first harvest.[4] The first Adelsverein-sponsored immigrants arrived in Galveston in July 1844. They traveled from Galveston to Indianola in December 1844, then moved inland to land grants acquired by the Adelsverein near Comal Springs. Prince Solms named the first colony New Braunfels in honor of his homeland.

Henry Francis Fisher and Burchard Miller sold their 1842 land grant to the Adelsverein on June 22, 1844. This grant was intended to provide for more settlements in Texas.[2]

Main article: Fisher-Miller Land Grant
Main article: History of Fredericksburg, Texas

After Prince Solms returned to Germany, John O. Meusebach was appointed the second commissioner general of the Adelsverein in April 1845. He founded the first settlement on the outskirts of the land grant, and named it Fredericksburg, in honor of Adelsverein member Prince Frederick of Prussia. The land grant was located in Comanche territory, and to colonize, Meusebach first negotiated a treaty between the German Immigration Company (Adelsverein) and the Penateka Comanche.

Main article: Meusebach–Comanche Treaty

A separate agreement was made with the Darmstadt Forty, to settle socialist colonies within the land grant.

In 1853, due to a large amount of debt, Adelsverein ended its colonization campaign in Texas.[11]

Darmstadt Society of Forty

Further information: List of Darmstadt Society of Forty

Count Castell[12] negotiated with the separate Darmstadt Society of Forty to colonize 200 families on the Fisher-Miller Land Grant territory in Texas. In return, they were to receive $12,000 in money, livestock, equipment, and provisions for a year. After the first year, the colonies were expected to support themselves.[13] The colonies attempted were Castell,[14] Leiningen, Bettina,[15] Schoenburg and Meerholz in Llano County; Darmstädler Farm in Comal County; and Tusculum in Kendall County.[16] Of these, only Castell survives. The colonies failed after the Adelsverein funding expired, and also due to conflict of structure and authorities. Some members moved to other Adelsverein settlements in Texas. Others moved elsewhere, or returned to Germany.

Texas settlements

Fisher-Miller Land Grant colonies

Elsewhere

Members

Founding members

Source:[17]

Leadership

References

  1. ^ Jordan, Terry G. "Germans". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Brister, Louis E. "Adelsverein". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  3. ^ a b King (1967) p.33
  4. ^ a b Wolff, Linda (1999). Indianola and Matagorda Island 1837 – 1887. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-57168-340-2.
  5. ^ a b Campbell, Randolph B (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865. Louisiana State University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8071-1723-1.
  6. ^ Garrett, Daphne Dalton. "Nassau Farm". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Dresel, Gustav; Freund, Max (Translator) (1954). Gustav Dresel's Houston Journal: Adventures in North America and Texas, 1837–1841. University of Texas Press. p. xxiv. ISBN 978-0-292-72554-6. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ Shearer, Davis Bowman (1993). Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-505281-7.
  9. ^ "David Shelby". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  10. ^ Long, Christopher. "Shelby, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  11. ^ The German Texans
  12. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Carl of Castell-Castell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  13. ^ King (1967) p.122
  14. ^ Heckert-Greene, James B. "Castell, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  15. ^ Lich, Glen E. "Bettina, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  16. ^ Lich, Glen E. "The Forty". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  17. ^ Tiling, Moritz Philip Georg (1913). "The Society of German Noblemen". History of the German Element in Texas From 1820–1850 and Historical Sketches of the German Texas Singer's League and Houston Turnverein From 1553–1913. Tiling.
  18. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Prince Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich Leiningen III". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  19. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Carl of Castell-Castell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  20. ^ a b King (1967) pp.33,34
  21. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Victor August of Leiningen-Westerburg-Alt-Leiningen". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  22. ^ "House of Leiningen". European Heraldry. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  23. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  24. ^ Willson, Jeanne R. "August von Bibra". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  25. ^ Max, Freund. "Gustav Dresel". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  26. ^ King (1967) pp.96–101
  27. ^ Ragsdale, Crystal. "Hermann Spiess". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

Additional sourcing

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Otfried Hans Freiherr von Meusebach
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