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Fujiwara no Umakai
Fujiwara no Umakai drawn by Kikuchi Yōsai
Born	694
Died	737
Nationality	Japanese
Parents	Fujiwara no Fuhito (father)

Template:Japanese name Fujiwara no Umakai (藤原宇合, 694 – September 7, 737) was a Japanese statesman, courtier, general and politician during the Nara period.^[1] The third son of Fujiwara no Fuhito, he founded the Shikike ("Ceremonials") branch of the Fujiwara clan.

Career

He was a diplomat during the reign of Empress Genshō;^[2] and he was minister during the reign of Emperor Shōmu. In the Imperial court, Umakai was the chief of protocol (Shikibu-kyō).^[3]

716 (Reiki 2): Along with Tajihi no Agatamori (多治比縣守), Abe no Yasumaro (阿倍安麻呂) and Ōtomo no Yamamori (大伴山守), Umakai was named to be part of a Japanese diplomatic mission to Tang China in 717-718.^[2] Kibi no Makibi and the Buddhist monk Genbō were also part of the entourage.^[4]
724 (Jinki 1, 1st month): Umakai led an army against the emishi;^[5] but this military campaign was later judged to have been unsuccessful.^[6]
729 (Tenpyō 1): The emperor invested Umakai with the power to raise an army to quash a revolt, but the cause for alarm was dissipated without the need for military action.^[7]
737 (Tenpyō 9): Umakai died at age 44.^[8] A smallpox epidemic caused the deaths of Umakai and his three brothers.^[9]

Genealogy

This member of the Fujiwara clan was son of Fujiwara no Fuhito.^[1] Umakai had three brothers: Muchimaro, Fusasaki, and Maro. These four brothers are known for having established the "four houses" of the Fujiwara.^[10]

Umakai's children included: Fujiwara no Hirotsugu^[11] and Fujiwara no Momokawa^[12]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Umakai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 211, p. 211, at Google Books; Brinkley, Frank et al. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 203., p. 203, at Google Books
^ ^a ^b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 65, p. 65, at Google Books; see "Fousiwara-no Nokiafi", pre-Hepburn romanization
^ Nussbaum, "Shikibu-kyō" at p. 856, p. 856, at Google Books
^ Fogel, Joshua. (1996). The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, p. 22, p. 22, at Google Books; excerpt, "Like Genbō, Kibi no Makibi remained in China after the embassy ships returned to Japan, returning home himself at the same time as Genbo seventeen years later."
^ Brinkley, p. 223., p. 223, at Google Books
^ Brinkley, p. 220., p. 220, at Google Books
^ Titsingh,p. 68, p. 68, at Google Books
^ Titsingh,p. 69, p. 69, at Google Books
^ Brinkley, p. 190., p. 190, at Google Books
^ Brinkley, p. 203., p. 203, at Google Books; excerpt, "Muchimaro's home, being in the south (nan) of the capital, was called Nan-ke; Fusazaki's, being in the north (hoku), was termed Hoku-ke; Umakai's was spoken of as Shiki-ke, since he presided over the Department of Ceremonies (shiki), and Maro's went by the name of Kyō-ke, this term also having reference to his office."
^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Hirotsugu" at p. 202, p. 202, at Google Books
^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Momokawa" at p. 206, p. 206, at Google Books

References

Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. OCLC 413099
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

Fujiwara family tree

Kamatari^[1]
614–669

Fuhito^[2]
659–720

NANKE branch

HOKKE branch

SHIKIKE branch

KYŌKE branch

Muchimaro^[2]
680–737

Fusasaki^[2]
681–737

Umakai^[2]
694–737

Maro^[2]
695–737

Toyonari^[3]
704–766

Nakamaro^[3]
706–764

Otomaro^[4]

Nagate^[5]
714–771

Matate^[4]
715–766

Uona^[6]
721–783

Kaedemaro^[7]
723–776

Yoshitsugu^[8]
716–777

Tamaro^[9]
722–783

Momokawa^[10]
732–779

Hamanari^[11]
724–790

Tsuginawa^[12]
727–796

Korekimi^[13]
727–789

Uchimaro^[14]
756–812

Sonohito^[12]
756–819

Otsugu^[12]
774–843

Fuyutsugu^[15]
775–826

Nagara^[1]
802–826

Yoshifusa^[1]
804–872

Yoshiyo^[16]
823–900

Mototsune^[17]
836–891

Tokihira^[18]^[12]
871–909

Tadahira^[12]
880–949

Saneyori^[12]
900–970

Morosuke^[12]
909–960

Yoritada^[19]
924–989

Koretada^[12]
924–972

Yoritada^[12]^[20]
925–977

Kaneie^[12]^[19]
929–990

Michitaka^[21]^[22]
953–995

Michikane^[22]
961–995

Michinaga^[23]
966–1028

Yorimichi^[24]^[25]
992–1074

Norimichi^[26]
996–1075

Morozane^[27]
1042–1101

Moromichi^[28]
1062–1099

Tadazane^[29]
1075–1162

Tadamichi^[30]
1097–1164

Yorinaga^[31]
1120–1156

Konoe
Family

Matsudono
Family

Kujō
Family

Konoe Motozane^[32]
1143–1166

Matsudono Motofusa^[33]
1144?–1231

Kujō Kanezane^[30]
1149–1207

Konoe Motomichi^[16]^[34]
1160–1233

Matsudono Moroie^[33]
1172–1238

Kujō Yoshitsune^[35]
1169–1206

Konoe Iezane^[34]
1179–1242

Kujō Michiie^[35]
1193–1252

Takatsukasa
Family

Nijō
Family

Ichijō
Family

Konoe Kanetsune^[36]
1210–1259

Takatsukasa Kanehira^[37]
1228–1294

Kujō Norizane^[38]
1211–1235

Nijō Yoshizane^[39]
1216–1271

Ichijō Sanetsune^[40]
1223–1284

Notes

In the 13th century, the main line of the Fujiwara family split into "Five regent houses": the Kujō, Nijō and Ichijō (descendants of Kanezane); and also the Konoe and Takatsukasa (descendants of Motozane). To view the complete family tree, visit Fujiwara family tree.

^ ^a ^b ^c Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. OCLC 413099
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kanai, Madoka; Nitta, Hideharu; Yamagiwa, Joseph Koshimi (1966). A topical history of Japan. Sub-Committee on Far Eastern Language Instruction of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation. p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Brown, Delmer M. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521223522.
^ ^a ^b 平城宮兵部省跡. 奈良文化財研究所. 2005. p. 168.
^ Yoshikawa, Toshiko (2006). 仲麻呂政権と藤原永手・八束（真楯）・千尋（御楯）. Hanawa Shobō (塙書房). ISBN 978-4-8273-1201-0.
^ Tyler, Royall (1993). The Book of the Great Practice: The Life of the Mt. Fuji Ascetic Kakugyō Tōbutsu Kū (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. p. 324.
^ Yoneda, Yūsuke (2002). 藤原摂関家の誕生. 吉川弘文館. p. 139.
^ Nakagawa, Osamu (1991). "藤原良継の変" [The Rise of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu]. 奈良朝政治史の研究 [Political History of the Nara Period] (in Japanese). Takashina Shoten (高科書店).
^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (1998). 藤原式家官人の考察. 高科書店. p. 47. ISBN 978-4-87294-923-0.
^ Takemitsu, Makoto (2013). 日本史の影の主役藤原氏の正体: 鎌足から続く1400年の歴史. PHP研究所. p. 103. ISBN 978-4569761046.
^ http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~sg2h-ymst/hamanari.html
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). In Japan Encyclopedia at Google Books; Brinkley, Frank et al. (1915).
^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (2004). "『牛屋大臣』藤原是公について" [On "Ushiya-Daijin" Fujiwara no Korekimi]. 奈良時代の藤原氏と諸氏族 [The Fujiwara Clan and Other Clans of the Nara Period] (in Japanese). Ohfu.
^ Kurihara, Hiromu. 藤原内麿家族について [The Family of Fujiwara no Uchimaro]. Japanese History (日本歴史) (in Japanese) (511).
^ Kurihara, Hiromu (2008). "藤原冬嗣家族について" [Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu's Family]. 平安前期の家族と親族 [Family and Relatives During the Early Heian Period] (in Japanese). Azekura Shobo (校倉書房). ISBN 978-4-7517-3940-2.
^ ^a ^b 公卿補任 [Kugyō Bunin] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1982.
^ Kitayama, Shigeo (1973). 日本の歴史4 平安京 [History of Japan IV: Heian-kyō] (in Japanese). Chūkō Bunko (中公文庫). p. 242.
^ 日本古代氏族人名辞典（普及版） [Dictionary of Names from Ancient Japanese Clans (Trade Version)] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 2010. ISBN 978-4-642-01458-8.
^ ^a ^b Nobuyoshi, Yamamoto (2003). 摂関政治史論考 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). ISBN 978-4-642-02394-8.
^ Haruo, Sasayama (2003). "藤原兼通の政権獲得過程". 日本律令制の展開 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). ISBN 978-4-642-02393-1.
^ Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
^ ^a ^b Papinot, Edmond (1910). Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.
^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
^ Varley, Paul (2000). Japanese Culture. Fourth Edition. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
^ Uejima, Susumu (2010). "日本中世社会の形成と王権". 中世庄園制の形成過程―〈立庄〉再考 (in Japanese). The University of Nagoya Press. ISBN 978-4-8158-0635-4.
^ Owada, Tetsuo (2003). 日本史諸家系図人名辞典 (in Japanese). Kodansha. ISBN 978-4062115780.
^ "卷之一百四十二列傳第六十九". 大日本史 (in Japanese). 1715.
^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (2000). "後二条師通記と藤原師通". 平安朝官人と記録の研究―日記逸文にあらわれたる平安公卿の世界 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4273031565.
^ Araki, Hiroshi (2009). "中世の皇統迭立と文学形成 1院政期から中世への視界坂上の宝剣と壺切―談話録に見る皇統・儀礼の古代と中世―". 皇統迭立と文学形成 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4-7576-0513-8.
^ ^a ^b Sansom, George (1958). A history of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804705232.
^ "The World Turned Upside Down" translated by Kathe Roth, p. 27
^ Yamada, Akiko (2010). 中世前期女性院宮の研究 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4784214969.
^ ^a ^b Natanabe, Naohiko (1994). 古代史論叢 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4797106558.
^ ^a ^b "藤原北家．近衛". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 57.
^ ^a ^b "藤原北家．九条". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 77.
^ "藤原北家．近衛". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 65.
^ Jinson [in Japanese]. 大乗院日記目録.
^ "藤原北家．九条". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 80.
^ ネケト. 二条家（摂家） (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2004-08-15. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
^ ネケト. 一条家（摂家） (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-08-18.

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@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ==Career==
-He was a diplomat during the reign of [[Empress Genshō]];<ref name="titsingh65">Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 65|page=65}}; see "Fousiwara-no Nokiafi", pre-[[Hepburn romanization]]</ref>  and he was minister during the reign of [[Emperor Shōmu]]. In the Imperial court, Umakai was the chief of protocol (''[[Ministry of Civil Services#Hierarchy|Shikibu-kyō]]'').<ref>Nussbaum, "Shikibu-kyō" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 856|page=856}}</ref>
+He was a diplomat during the reign of [[Empress Genshō]];<ref name="titsingh65">Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 65|page=65}}; see "Fousiwara-no Nokiafi", pre-[[Hepburn romanization]]</ref>  and he was minister during the reign of [[Emperor Shōmu]]. In the Imperial court, Umakai was the chief of protocol (''[[Shikibu-kyō]]'').<ref>Nussbaum, "Shikibu-kyō" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 856|page=856}}</ref>
 * '''716''' (''[[Reiki (era)|Reiki]]   2''): Along with {{nihongo|[[Tajihi no Agatamori]]|多治比縣守|}}, {{nihongo|[[Abe no Yasumaro]]|阿倍安麻呂|}} and {{nihongo|[[Ōtomo no Yamamori]]|大伴山守|}}, Umakai was named to be part of a [[Japanese missions to Tang China|Japanese diplomatic mission to Tang China]] in 717-718.<ref name="titsingh65"/>  [[Kibi no Makibi]] and the Buddhist monk [[Genbō]] were also part of the entourage.<ref>Fogel, Joshua. (1996). {{Google books|MC6L3Re0yqgC|''The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China,'' p. 22|page=22}}; excerpt, "Like Genbō, Kibi no Makibi remained in China after the embassy ships returned to Japan, returning home himself at the same time as Genbo seventeen years later."</ref>
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ==Genealogy==
-This member of the [[Fujiwara clan]] was son of [[Fujiwara no Fuhito]].<ref name="nussbaum211"/>  Umakai had three brothers: [[Fujiwara no Muchimaro|Muchimaro]], [[Fujiwara no Fusasaki|Fusasaki]], and [[Fujiwara no Maro|Maro]]. These four brothers are known for having established the "four houses" of the Fujiwara.<ref>Brinkley, {{Google books|JlUCAAAAYAAJ|p. 203.|page=203}}; excerpt, "Muchimaro's home, being in the south (''nan'') of the capital, was called [[Nanke (Fujiwara)|''Nan-ke'']]; Fusazaki's, being in the north (''hoku''), was termed [[Hokke (Fujiwara)|''Hoku-ke'']]; Umakai's was spoken of as [[Shikike|''Shiki-ke'']], since he presided over the [[Ministry of Civil Services|Department of Ceremonies]] (''shiki''), and Maro's went by the name of [[Kyōke|''Kyō-ke'']], this term also having reference to his office."</ref>
+This member of the [[Fujiwara clan]] was son of [[Fujiwara no Fuhito]].<ref name="nussbaum211"/>  Umakai had three brothers: [[Fujiwara no Muchimaro|Muchimaro]], [[Fujiwara no Fusasaki|Fusasaki]], and [[Fujiwara no Maro|Maro]]. These four brothers are known for having established the "four houses" of the Fujiwara.<ref>Brinkley, {{Google books|JlUCAAAAYAAJ|p. 203.|page=203}}; excerpt, "Muchimaro's home, being in the south (''nan'') of the capital, was called [[Nanke (Fujiwara)|''Nan-ke'']]; Fusazaki's, being in the north (''hoku''), was termed [[Hokke (Fujiwara)|''Hoku-ke'']]; Umakai's was spoken of as [[Shikike|''Shiki-ke'']], since he presided over the [[Shikibu-shō|Department of Ceremonies]] (''shiki''), and Maro's went by the name of [[Kyōke|''Kyō-ke'']], this term also having reference to his office."</ref>
 Umakai's children included: [[Fujiwara no Hirotsugu]]<ref>Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Hirotsugu" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 202|page=202}}</ref> and [[Fujiwara no Momokawa]]<ref>Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Momokawa" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 206|page=206}}</ref>

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