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'''Future-oriented therapy''' ('''FOT''') and '''future-directed therapy''' ('''FDT''') are approaches to [[psychotherapy]] that place greater emphasis on the [[future]] than on the [[past]] or [[present]].
⚫
'''Future oriented psychotherapy''' is a term first introduced by Stanley Lesse and William Wolf. They stressed the need for all future psychiatrists, psychologists, social scientists, and political scientists to understand the relationships between sociodynamics and individual psychodynamics. They viewed discussion of the future as a prophylactic technique and guided patients over a relatively brief number of sessions to consider their role in the future in order to prepare for the impending stresses and challenges.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lesse, S.| year = 1971| title = Future oriented psychotherapy—A prophylactic technique | journal = American Journal of Psychotherapy | volume = 25| pages = 180–193}}</ref>


==Theory==
==History==
The term ''future-oriented therapy'' was first used in an article by psychologist Walter O'Connell in 1964,<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Connell |first=Walter |date=April 1964 |title=Practicing Christianity and humanistic identification |journal=[[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=118–129 |doi=10.1177/002216786400400205 |quote=A measure of harmony might be introduced into the relationship between the social sciences and religion by emphasizing a future oriented psychotherapy based on outsight.}}</ref> and then was used as the title of an article by psychiatrist Stanley Lesse in 1971,<ref name="Lesse 1971">{{cite journal |last=Lesse |first=Stanley |date=April 1971 |title=Future oriented psychotherapy—a prophylactic technique |journal=[[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=180–193 |pmid=5553254}}</ref> but is perhaps most associated with psychiatrist [[Frederick T. Melges]]'s writings in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Melges 1972">{{cite journal |last=Melges |first=Frederick Towne |authorlink=Frederick T. Melges |date=January 1972 |title=Future oriented psychotherapy |journal=[[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=22–33 |pmid=5060589}}</ref><ref name="Melges 1982">{{cite book |last=Melges |first=Frederick Towne |authorlink=Frederick T. Melges |date=1982 |title=Time and the inner future: a temporal approach to psychiatric disorders |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=0471860751 |oclc=8410226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h32BAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> In the 2000s, psychiatrist Bernard Beitman, inspired in part by Melges,<ref name="Beitman 2004">{{cite book |last1=Beitman |first1=Bernard D. |last2=Yue |first2=Dongmei |date=2004 |origyear=1999 |chapter=Future-oriented formulation |title=Learning psychotherapy: a time-efficient, research-based, and outcome-measured psychotherapy training program |edition=2nd |series=A Norton professional book |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |pages=347–390 |isbn=0393704467 |oclc=53940457 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xByMkOYa3IC&pg=PA347}}</ref> wrote about ''future-oriented [[Clinical formulation|formulation]]'' and about how emphasis on the future is a basis for [[Integrative psychotherapy|integrating psychotherapies]].<ref name="Beitman 2004"/><ref name="Beitman 2005">{{cite book |last1=Beitman |first1=Bernard D. |last2=Soth |first2=Angela M. |last3=Bumby |first3=Nancy A. |date=2005 |chapter=The future as an integrating force through the schools of psychotherapy |editor1-last=Norcross |editor1-first=John C. |editor1-link=John C. Norcross |editor2-last=Goldfried |editor2-first=Marvin R. |editor2-link= |title=Handbook of psychotherapy integration |edition=2nd |series=Oxford series in clinical psychology |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=65–89 |isbn=0195165799 |oclc=54803644 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-wpACyzL9gC&pg=PA65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beitman |first1=Bernard D. |last2=Soth |first2=Angela M. |last3=Good |first3=Glenn E. |date=2006 |chapter=Integrating the psychotherapies through their emphases on the future |editor1-last=Stricker |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Gold |editor2-first=Jerold R. |title=A casebook of psychotherapy integration |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |pages=43–54 |isbn=1591474051 |doi=10.1037/11436-004}}</ref> ''Future-directed therapy'', an intervention with a similar emphasis on the future, was first tested by psychologist Jennice Vilhauer and colleagues in 2011,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ishak |first1=Waguih William |last2=Ha |first2=Khanh |last3=Kapitanski |first3=Nina |last4=Bagot |first4=Kara |last5=Fathy |first5=Hassan |last6=Swanson |first6=Brian |last7=Vilhauer |first7=Jennice S. |last8=Balayan |first8=Konstantin |last9=Bolotaulo |first9=Nestor Ian |last10=Rapaport |first10=Mark Hyman |date=December 2011 |title=The impact of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination on quality of life in depression |journal=[[Harvard Review of Psychiatry]] |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.3109/10673229.2011.630828 |pmid=22098324}}</ref><ref name="Vilhauer 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Vilhauer |first1=Jennice S. |last2=Young |first2=Sabrina |last3=Kealoha |first3=Chanel |last4=Borrmann |first4=Josefine |last5=IsHak |first5=Waguih W. |last6=Rapaport |first6=Mark H. |last7=Hartoonian |first7=Narineh |last8=Mirocha |first8=Jim |date=February 2012 |title=Treating major depression by creating positive expectations for the future: a pilot study for the effectiveness of future-directed therapy (FDT) on symptom severity and quality of life |journal=[[CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=102–109 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00235.x |pmid=21615882}}</ref> and was the subject of a [[self-help book]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vilhauer |first=Jennice S. |date=2014 |title=Think forward to thrive: how to use the mind's power of anticipation to transcend your past and transform your life |location=Novato, CA |publisher=[[New World Library]] |isbn=9781608682980 |oclc=869266658 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTKHBAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
⚫
[[Frederick T. Melges]] summarizes his general thesis: "The general thesis is that time distortions disrupt anticipatory control and lead to psychopathological spirals. That is, problems with time, such as distortions of sequence, rate, and temporal perspective, disrupt the normal interplay between future images, plans of action, and emotions, thereby leading to lack of anticipatory control and vicious cycles (spirals)."{{sfn|Melges|1982|p=43}}


==Lesse's approach==
There is no published research on this topic.{{fact|date=September 2012}}
⚫
Stanley Lesse's approach, published in 1971, stressed the need for all future psychiatrists, psychologists, social scientists, and political scientists to understand the relationships between [[sociodynamic]]s and individual [[psychodynamics]].<ref name="Lesse 1971"/> Lesse viewed discussion of the future as a [[prophylactic]] (preventative) technique and guided patients over a relatively brief number of sessions to consider their role in the future in order to prepare for the impending stresses and challenges.<ref name="Lesse 1971"/>


==Melges's approach==
==Treatment==
In 1972, Melges wrote a paper about a future oriented intervention, which he referred to as FOR and later on wrote a book chapter describing the intervention.{{sfn|Melges|1982|p= }} FOR is based on a psychodynamic model and was intended to be an adjunctive intervention not a treatment for psychiatric disorders. Melges described it a "useful adjunct to past and present oriented therapies" to help patients with low self-esteem and identity diffusion.
In 1972, [[Frederick T. Melges]] published a paper about a future-oriented intervention, which he referred to as FOT.<ref name="Melges 1972"/> A decade later he wrote a book chapter describing the intervention.<ref name="Melges 1982"/> Melges's FOT is based on a [[psychodynamic]] model and was intended to be an adjunctive intervention, not a treatment for psychiatric disorders. Melges described it a "useful adjunct to past- and present-oriented therapies"<ref name="Melges 1972"/> to help patients with issues such as low self-esteem and identity diffusion. According to Melges:


⚫
{{Quote|The general thesis is that time distortions disrupt anticipatory control and lead to psychopathological spirals. That is, problems with time, such as distortions of sequence, rate, and temporal perspective, disrupt the normal interplay between future images, plans of action, and emotions, thereby leading to lack of anticipatory control and vicious cycles (spirals).<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|43}}}}
There were five stages to his FOR treatment.

⚫
#Assessment and selection of patients{{sfn|Melges|1982|p=246}}
Melges proposed that the harmonization of future images, plans of action, and emotions restore a person's sense of hope and control over the future: "Thus, with hope, the personal future is not certain and fixed, but is viewed as being open, unfrozen, and full of opportunities."<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|178}} There were five stages to Melges's FOT treatment:
⚫
#Interpretation of vicious cycles
⚫
#Assessment and selection of patients<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|246}}
#Redecisions{{sfn|Melges|1982|p=250}}
⚫
#Interpretation of [[vicious cycle]]s
#Self-Futuring{{sfn|Melges|1982|p=258}}
#Redecisions<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|250}}
#Temporal Organization{{sfn|Melges|1982|pp=259, 261-263}}
#Self-futuring<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|258}}
#Temporal organization<ref name="Melges 1982"/>{{rp|259,261–263}}

In a 1983 review of Melges's book, psychiatrist [[Lenore Terr]] said that "the author must be commended for his very ambitious attempt to characterize broadly what happens to time sense in the major mental disorders", but she also noted: "Some of the author's theoretical proposals are clear and seem to be right, but unfortunately some go too far."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Terr |first=Lenore C. |authorlink=Lenore Terr |date=October 1983 |title=Review of ''Time and the inner future: a temporal approach to psychiatric disorders'' |journal=[[American Journal of Orthopsychiatry]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=741–743 |doi=10.1037/h0098814}}</ref>

==Other approaches==
A wide range of approaches, such as future-oriented group training,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beek |first1=Wessel |last2=Kerkhof |first2=Ad |last3=Beekman |first3=Aartjan |date=October 2009 |title=Future oriented group training for suicidal patients: a randomized clinical trial |journal=[[BMC Psychiatry]] |volume=9 |pages=65 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-9-65 |pmid=19811638 |url=https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-9-65}}</ref> future-oriented writing therapy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nixon |first1=Reginald D. V. |last2=Kling |first2=Leonard W. |date=December 2009 |title=Treatment of adult post-traumatic stress disorder using a future-oriented writing therapy approach |journal=The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=243–255 |doi=10.1017/S1754470X09990171}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kress |first1=Victoria E. |last2=Gimenez Hinkle |first2=Michelle |last3=Protivnak |first3=Jake J. |date=June 2011 |title=Letters from the future: suggestions for using letter writing as a school counselling intervention |journal=Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=74–84 |doi=10.1375/ajgc.21.1.74}}</ref> future-directed therapy,<ref name="Vilhauer 2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vilhauer |first1=Jennice S. |last2=Cortes |first2=Julissa |last3=Moali |first3=Nazanin |last4=Chung |first4=Sally |last5=Mirocha |first5=James |last6=Ishak |first6=Waguih William |date=March 2013 |title=Improving quality of life for patients with major depressive disorder by increasing hope and positive expectations with future directed therapy (FDT) |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=12–22 |pmid=23630646 |pmc=3638844}}</ref> and others,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sword |first1=Richard M. |last2=Sword |first2=Rosemary K. M. |last3=Brunskill |first3=Sarah R. |date=2015 |chapter=Time perspective therapy: transforming Zimbardo's temporal theory into clinical practice |editor1-last=Stolarski |editor1-first=Maciej |editor2-last=Fieulaine |editor2-first=Nicolas |editor3-last=Beek |editor3-first=Wessel |title=Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of [[Philip G. Zimbardo]] |location=Cham; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=481–498 |isbn=9783319073675 |oclc=896817191 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boniwell |first1=Ilona |last2=Osin |first2=Evgeny |date=2015 |chapter=Time perspective coaching |editor1-last=Stolarski |editor1-first=Maciej |editor2-last=Fieulaine |editor2-first=Nicolas |editor3-last=Beek |editor3-first=Wessel |title=Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of [[Philip G. Zimbardo]] |location=Cham; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=451–469 |isbn=9783319073675 |oclc=896817191 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kazakina |first=Elena |date=2015 |chapter=The uncharted territory: time perspective research meets clinical practice: temporal focus in psychotherapy across adulthood and old age |editor1-last=Stolarski |editor1-first=Maciej |editor2-last=Fieulaine |editor2-first=Nicolas |editor3-last=Beek |editor3-first=Wessel |title=Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of [[Philip G. Zimbardo]] |location=Cham; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=499–516 |isbn=9783319073675 |oclc=896817191 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_32}}</ref> have been developed to help people to confront the future and the uncertainties, complexities, and discontinuities implied by the future.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Sense of time]]
*[[Foresight (psychology)]]
*[[Futures techniques]]
*[[Goal setting]]
*[[Prospection]]
*[[Solution focused brief therapy]]
*[[Time perception]]
*[[Time perception]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
<references/>

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Martin E. |last2=Smith |first2=Peyton R. |date=July 2007 |title=Thriving with social purpose: an integrative approach to the development of optimal human functioning |journal=[[Educational Psychologist (journal)|Educational Psychologist]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=153–171 |doi=10.1080/00461520701416280 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Heppner |first1=P. Paul |last2=Lee |first2=Dong-Gwi |last3=Tian |first3=Lu |date=2009 |chapter=Problem-solving appraisal and psychological adjustment |editor1-last=Snyder |editor1-first=C. R. |editor2-last=Lopez |editor2-first=Shane J. |title=Oxford handbook of positive psychology |edition=Revised |series=Oxford library of psychology |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=345–356 |isbn=9780195187243 |oclc=263497908 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0032 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8kCoofE8VsC&pg=PA345 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hoyle |first1=Rick H. |last2=Sherrill |first2=Michelle R. |date=December 2006 |title=Future orientation in the self-system: possible selves, self-regulation, and behavior |journal=[[Journal of Personality]] |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=1673–1696 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00424.x |pmid=17083662 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Michael F. |date=1990 |chapter=On time in brief therapy |editor1-last=Wells |editor1-first=Richard A. |editor2-last=Giannetti |editor2-first=Vincent J. |title=Handbook of the brief psychotherapies |series=Applied clinical psychology |location=New York |publisher=[[Plenum Press]] |pages=115–143 |isbn=0306432706 |oclc=20491430 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2127-7_6 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS4BCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Frieder R. |last2=Heckhausen |first2=Jutta |date=2006 |chapter=Motivation and interpersonal regulation across adulthood: managing the challenges and constraints of social contexts |editor-last=Hoare |editor-first=Carol Hren |title=Handbook of adult development and learning |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=149–166 |isbn=019517190X |oclc=60543390 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixlnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Little |editor1-first=Brian R. |editor2-last=Philips |editor2-first=Susan D. |editor3-last=Salmela-Aro |editor3-first=Katariina |date=2007 |title=Personal project pursuit: goals, action, and human flourishing |location=Mahwah, NJ |publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]] |isbn=0805854851 |oclc=76065953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW8DnmDBnOQC |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |date=2017 |title=Prospection, well-being, and mental health |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198725046 |oclc=979566767 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoULDgAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Melges |first1=Frederick Towne |authorlink1=Frederick T. Melges |last2=Anderson |first2=Richard E. |last3=Kraemer |first3=Helena C. |last4=Tinklenberg |first4=J. R. |last5=Weisz |first5=Alfred E. |date=December 1971 |title=The personal future and self-esteem |journal=[[Archives of General Psychiatry]] |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=494–497 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750180014003 |pmid=5141368 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Melges |first1=Frederick Towne |authorlink=Frederick T. Melges |last2=Bowlby |first2=John |authorlink2=John Bowlby |date=June 1969 |title=Types of hopelessness in psychopathological process |journal=[[Archives of General Psychiatry]] |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=690–699 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740180074007 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Melges |first1=Frederick Towne |authorlink1=Frederick T. Melges |last2=Weisz |first2=Alfred E. |date=October 1971 |title=The personal future and suicidal ideation |journal=[[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]] |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=244–250 |doi=10.1097/00005053-197110000-00003 |pmid=5114085 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Neimeyer |first=Robert A. |date=June 1983 |title=Toward a personal construct conceptualization of depression and suicide |journal=Death Education |volume=7 |issue=2-3 |pages=127–173 |doi=10.1080/07481188308252160 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Roepke |first1=Ann Marie |last2=Seligman |first2=Martin E. P. |authorlink2=Martin Seligman |date=March 2016 |title=Depression and prospection |journal=[[British Journal of Clinical Psychology]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=23–48 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12087 |pmid=26096347 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Seligman |first1=Martin E. P. |authorlink1=Martin Seligman |last2=Railton |first2=Peter |authorlink2=Peter Railton |last3=Baumeister |first3=Roy F. |authorlink3=Roy Baumeister |last4=Sripada |first4=Chandra |date=2016 |title=Homo prospectus |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199374472 |oclc=936685033 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKpHDAAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jacqui |date=1999 |chapter=Life planning: anticipating future life goals and managing personal development |editor1-last=Brandtstädter |editor1-first=Jochen |editor2-last=Lerner |editor2-first=Richard M. |editor2-link=Richard M. Lerner |title=Action & self-development: theory and research through the life span |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |pages=223–255 |isbn=0761915435 |oclc=41184957 |doi=10.4135/9781452204802.n8 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrR1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Torem |first=Moshe S. |date=2006 |chapter=Treating depression: a remedy from the future |editor-last=Yapko |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael D. Yapko |title=Hypnosis and treating depression: applications in clinical practice |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=97–119 |isbn=0415953057 |oclc=62324972 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIk-Rv1AfBEC&pg=PA97 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=David Sloan |authorlink1=David Sloan Wilson |last2=Hayes |first2=Steven C. |authorlink2=Steven C. Hayes |last3=Biglan |first3=Anthony |last4=Embry |first4=Dennis D. |date=August 2014 |title=Evolving the future: toward a science of intentional change |journal=[[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]] |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=395–460 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X13001593 |pmid=24826907 |pmc=4331065 |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}


{{Psychotherapy}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book|title= Time and the Inner Future: A Temporal Approach to Psychiatric Disorders |last= Melges |first=F. T |authorlink=Frederick T. Melges|publisher= John Wiley and Sons |year= 1982|isbn= 0-471-86075-1 |ref=harv}}


[[Category:Clinical psychology]]
[[Category:Clinical psychology]]

Revision as of 21:21, 12 May 2017

Future-oriented therapy (FOT) and future-directed therapy (FDT) are approaches to psychotherapy that place greater emphasis on the future than on the past or present.

History

The term future-oriented therapy was first used in an article by psychologist Walter O'Connell in 1964,[1] and then was used as the title of an article by psychiatrist Stanley Lesse in 1971,[2] but is perhaps most associated with psychiatrist Frederick T. Melges's writings in the 1970s and 1980s.[3][4] In the 2000s, psychiatrist Bernard Beitman, inspired in part by Melges,[5] wrote about future-oriented formulation and about how emphasis on the future is a basis for integrating psychotherapies.[5][6][7] Future-directed therapy, an intervention with a similar emphasis on the future, was first tested by psychologist Jennice Vilhauer and colleagues in 2011,[8][9] and was the subject of a self-help book in 2014.[10]

Lesse's approach

Stanley Lesse's approach, published in 1971, stressed the need for all future psychiatrists, psychologists, social scientists, and political scientists to understand the relationships between sociodynamics and individual psychodynamics.[2] Lesse viewed discussion of the future as a prophylactic (preventative) technique and guided patients over a relatively brief number of sessions to consider their role in the future in order to prepare for the impending stresses and challenges.[2]

Melges's approach

In 1972, Frederick T. Melges published a paper about a future-oriented intervention, which he referred to as FOT.[3] A decade later he wrote a book chapter describing the intervention.[4] Melges's FOT is based on a psychodynamic model and was intended to be an adjunctive intervention, not a treatment for psychiatric disorders. Melges described it a "useful adjunct to past- and present-oriented therapies"[3] to help patients with issues such as low self-esteem and identity diffusion. According to Melges:

The general thesis is that time distortions disrupt anticipatory control and lead to psychopathological spirals. That is, problems with time, such as distortions of sequence, rate, and temporal perspective, disrupt the normal interplay between future images, plans of action, and emotions, thereby leading to lack of anticipatory control and vicious cycles (spirals).[4]: 43 

Melges proposed that the harmonization of future images, plans of action, and emotions restore a person's sense of hope and control over the future: "Thus, with hope, the personal future is not certain and fixed, but is viewed as being open, unfrozen, and full of opportunities."[4]: 178  There were five stages to Melges's FOT treatment:

  1. Assessment and selection of patients[4]: 246 
  2. Interpretation of vicious cycles
  3. Redecisions[4]: 250 
  4. Self-futuring[4]: 258 
  5. Temporal organization[4]: 259, 261–263 

In a 1983 review of Melges's book, psychiatrist Lenore Terr said that "the author must be commended for his very ambitious attempt to characterize broadly what happens to time sense in the major mental disorders", but she also noted: "Some of the author's theoretical proposals are clear and seem to be right, but unfortunately some go too far."[11]

Other approaches

A wide range of approaches, such as future-oriented group training,[12] future-oriented writing therapy,[13][14] future-directed therapy,[9][15] and others,[16][17][18] have been developed to help people to confront the future and the uncertainties, complexities, and discontinuities implied by the future.

See also

References

  1. ^ O'Connell, Walter (April 1964). "Practicing Christianity and humanistic identification". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 4 (2): 118–129. doi:10.1177/002216786400400205. A measure of harmony might be introduced into the relationship between the social sciences and religion by emphasizing a future oriented psychotherapy based on outsight.
  2. ^ a b c Lesse, Stanley (April 1971). "Future oriented psychotherapy—a prophylactic technique". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 25 (2): 180–193. PMID 5553254.
  3. ^ a b c Melges, Frederick Towne (January 1972). "Future oriented psychotherapy". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 26 (1): 22–33. PMID 5060589.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Melges, Frederick Towne (1982). Time and the inner future: a temporal approach to psychiatric disorders. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471860751. OCLC 8410226.
  5. ^ a b Beitman, Bernard D.; Yue, Dongmei (2004) [1999]. "Future-oriented formulation". Learning psychotherapy: a time-efficient, research-based, and outcome-measured psychotherapy training program. A Norton professional book (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 347–390. ISBN 0393704467. OCLC 53940457. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Beitman, Bernard D.; Soth, Angela M.; Bumby, Nancy A. (2005). "The future as an integrating force through the schools of psychotherapy". In Norcross, John C.; Goldfried, Marvin R. (eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. Oxford series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–89. ISBN 0195165799. OCLC 54803644. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Beitman, Bernard D.; Soth, Angela M.; Good, Glenn E. (2006). "Integrating the psychotherapies through their emphases on the future". In Stricker, George; Gold, Jerold R. (eds.). A casebook of psychotherapy integration. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 43–54. doi:10.1037/11436-004. ISBN 1591474051.
  8. ^ Ishak, Waguih William; Ha, Khanh; Kapitanski, Nina; Bagot, Kara; Fathy, Hassan; Swanson, Brian; Vilhauer, Jennice S.; Balayan, Konstantin; Bolotaulo, Nestor Ian; Rapaport, Mark Hyman (December 2011). "The impact of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination on quality of life in depression". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 19 (6): 277–289. doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.630828. PMID 22098324.
  9. ^ a b Vilhauer, Jennice S.; Young, Sabrina; Kealoha, Chanel; Borrmann, Josefine; IsHak, Waguih W.; Rapaport, Mark H.; Hartoonian, Narineh; Mirocha, Jim (February 2012). "Treating major depression by creating positive expectations for the future: a pilot study for the effectiveness of future-directed therapy (FDT) on symptom severity and quality of life". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 18 (2): 102–109. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00235.x. PMID 21615882.
  10. ^ Vilhauer, Jennice S. (2014). Think forward to thrive: how to use the mind's power of anticipation to transcend your past and transform your life. Novato, CA: New World Library. ISBN 9781608682980. OCLC 869266658.
  11. ^ Terr, Lenore C. (October 1983). "Review of Time and the inner future: a temporal approach to psychiatric disorders". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 53 (4): 741–743. doi:10.1037/h0098814.
  12. ^ Beek, Wessel; Kerkhof, Ad; Beekman, Aartjan (October 2009). "Future oriented group training for suicidal patients: a randomized clinical trial". BMC Psychiatry. 9: 65. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-65. PMID 19811638.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Nixon, Reginald D. V.; Kling, Leonard W. (December 2009). "Treatment of adult post-traumatic stress disorder using a future-oriented writing therapy approach". The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 2 (4): 243–255. doi:10.1017/S1754470X09990171.
  14. ^ Kress, Victoria E.; Gimenez Hinkle, Michelle; Protivnak, Jake J. (June 2011). "Letters from the future: suggestions for using letter writing as a school counselling intervention". Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling. 21 (1): 74–84. doi:10.1375/ajgc.21.1.74.
  15. ^ Vilhauer, Jennice S.; Cortes, Julissa; Moali, Nazanin; Chung, Sally; Mirocha, James; Ishak, Waguih William (March 2013). "Improving quality of life for patients with major depressive disorder by increasing hope and positive expectations with future directed therapy (FDT)". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 10 (3): 12–22. PMC 3638844. PMID 23630646.
  16. ^ Sword, Richard M.; Sword, Rosemary K. M.; Brunskill, Sarah R. (2015). "Time perspective therapy: transforming Zimbardo's temporal theory into clinical practice". In Stolarski, Maciej; Fieulaine, Nicolas; Beek, Wessel (eds.). Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. Cham; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 481–498. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_31. ISBN 9783319073675. OCLC 896817191.
  17. ^ Boniwell, Ilona; Osin, Evgeny (2015). "Time perspective coaching". In Stolarski, Maciej; Fieulaine, Nicolas; Beek, Wessel (eds.). Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. Cham; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 451–469. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_29. ISBN 9783319073675. OCLC 896817191.
  18. ^ Kazakina, Elena (2015). "The uncharted territory: time perspective research meets clinical practice: temporal focus in psychotherapy across adulthood and old age". In Stolarski, Maciej; Fieulaine, Nicolas; Beek, Wessel (eds.). Time perspective theory: review, research and application: essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. Cham; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 499–516. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_32. ISBN 9783319073675. OCLC 896817191.

Further reading

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