MAR-1: Difference between revisions
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Development began in 1997 <ref name="janes.com">http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/MAR-1-Anti-Radiation-Missile-Brazil.html</ref> and was kept under tight secrecy, and for many years the weapon's manufacturers refused to acknowledge its existence.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com">http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Brazil-to-Sell-MAR-1-SEAD-Missiles-to-Pakistan-05182/</ref> |
Development began in 1997 <ref name="janes.com">http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/MAR-1-Anti-Radiation-Missile-Brazil.html</ref> and was kept under tight secrecy, and for many years the weapon's manufacturers refused to acknowledge its existence.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com">http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Brazil-to-Sell-MAR-1-SEAD-Missiles-to-Pakistan-05182/</ref> |
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Captive and certification flight tests were performed in December 2008, in order to evaluate the [[fiber optic gyroscope]] (FOG) module. This module, consisting of three interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes |
Captive and certification flight tests were performed in December 2008, in order to evaluate the [[fiber optic gyroscope]] (FOG) module. This module, consisting of three interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes, is part of the [[Inertial Measurement Unit]] (IMU), and was developed indigenously by the Institute for Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados, [[:pt:Instituto de Estudos Avançados|IEAv]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/index.php?mostra=2152 |title=Blocos girométricos desenvolvidos no IEAv são testados no Míssil MAR-1 |language=Portuguese |publisher=Brazilian Air Force|date=22 December 2008 |accessdate=4 October 2012}}</ref> The missile proximity fuse is provided by the Brazilian firm Opto Eletronica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11026 |title=La brasileña Mectron comienza a producir a nivel industrial el misil anti radar MAR-1 exportado a Paquistán |language=Spanish |publisher=Defesa.com |first1=Javier |last1=Bonilla |date=13 December 2013 |accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> |
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Until April 2012, over 20 missile test firings have been carried out by [[AMX International AMX|AMX]] aircraft.<ref name=wall/> |
Until April 2012, over 20 missile test firings have been carried out by [[AMX International AMX|AMX]] aircraft.<ref name=wall/> |
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The missile is guided by a |
The missile is guided by a locally developed passive anti-radiation seeker, designed to target different types of land-based and sea-based<ref name=tecdef>{{cite web|url=http://www.tecnodefesa.com.br/materia.php?materia=521 |title=Mercado em 3 continente |language=Portuguese |publisher=Tecnologia & Defesa |date=25 October 2012 |accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref> radars operating in different bands, including high power surveillance radars, low power mobile radars and tracking radars used by [[surface-to-air missile]] systems. Enemy radars can be targeted by the missile independently or with targeting data from the launch aircraft's [[electronic warfare]] systems, such as the [[radar warning receiver]]. The missile has full ECCM capability, and uses passive guidance in pre-programmed self-defense (reactive) mode, or target of opportunity mode, used primarily for area suppression or attacking expected targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/index.php?datan=05/12/2008&page=mostra_notimpol |title=Exportação de mísseis mostra novas metas do Plano de Defesa |language=Portuguese |publisher=O Estado de S. Paulo |last=Roberto |first=Godoy |date=5 December 2008 |accessdate=4 October 2012}}</ref> In order to improve survivability, the missile's airframe is built with composite materials that reduce its [[radar cross-section]].<ref name="janes.com"/> |
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The program was conducted since |
The program was conducted since the beginning by [[Aerospace Science and Technology Department|DCTA (Aerospace Technology and Science Department)]], along with Mectron, a Sao Jose dos Campos based company, and is currently in final testing phase. According to [[Brazilian Air Force|FAB]], the test campaing is now in the weapons separation trials phase, using [[AMX International AMX|A-1B]] aircraft from IPTV (Instituto de Pesquisa e Teste de Voo - Research and Flight Test Institute), a division of DCTA. |
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During the development phase, it was learned that one MAR-1's limitations is the definition of distance-aircraft radar parameters essential for a successful launch. This has led the developers to re-evaluate some concepts. |
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| ⚫ | The greatest difficulty during development was building an indigenous gyroscopic platform (navigation system that "flies" the missile while it searches for |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Another obstacle arose in 1999, when |
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| ⚫ | The greatest difficulty during development was building an indigenous gyroscopic platform (a navigation system that "flies" the missile while it searches for targets during flight). Such technology is earmarked for embargo, due to political and strategic considerations. This required the project to be re-started almost from scratch, resulting in the development of a Miniature Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, with three orthogonal axes, to provide the necessary information for on-board computers and ensuring missile accuracy. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Another obstacle arose in 1999, when Brazil tried to purchase spiral antennas and some other systems for MAR-1's search head development from a [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] manufacturer,{{which|date=September 2012}} however the U.S. government blocked the sale, claiming that "it is not America's interest to introduce anti-radiation weapons in this region.<ref name=cre139>Crespo (2006), p. 139</ref> ". Faced with this obstacle, the DCTA had only one alternative: to locally develop a seeker head.<ref name=cre139/> This subsystem was developed and tested with simulated emissions from a TS-100 + Systems Excalibur (0.5 to 18 GHz) and [[British Aerospace 125|HS-125]] aircraft from CTA's flight test division, as well as EMB-110 "Bandeirulha" patrol aircraft equipped with electronic test gear. |
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In November 2012 an update to the missile's software was being introduced and the missile was undergoing final flight tests on A-1/AMX strike aircraft.<ref>http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-official-details-missile-developments-378680/</ref> |
In November 2012 an update to the missile's software was being introduced and the missile was undergoing final flight tests on A-1/AMX strike aircraft.<ref>http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-official-details-missile-developments-378680/</ref> |
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Revision as of 02:36, 3 December 2016
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012) |
| MAR-1 | |
|---|---|
| Type | Anti-radiation missile (ARM) |
| Place of origin | Brazil |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Brazil and Pakistan |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Mectron |
| Produced | 2012 (scheduled)[1] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 586.4 pounds (266.0 kg)[1] or 350 kg (770 lb)[2] |
| Length | 12.7 feet (3.9 m)[1] |
| Diameter | 9.1 inches (23 cm)[1] |
| Warhead | High-explosive |
| Warhead weight | 90 kilograms (200 lb) |
Detonation mechanism | Laser/contact proximity fuse |
| Engine | Rocket motor |
Operational range | 60 to 100km[3] |
Guidance system | Passive radar homing, home-on-jam, 800 MHz to 20 GHz |
Launch platform | Surface-Launched[4] and Air-Launched:
|
The MAR-1 is an air-to-surface( ASM) and surface-to-surface (SSM) anti-radiation missile (ARM) with INS/GPS capability under development by Brazil's Mectron and the Aerospace Technology and Science Department (Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, DCTA) of the Brazilian Air Force. It is designed to suppress enemy air defenses (SEAD) by targeting surveillance radars and fire-control radars.[5]
Development and design
Development began in 1997 [6] and was kept under tight secrecy, and for many years the weapon's manufacturers refused to acknowledge its existence.[7]
Captive and certification flight tests were performed in December 2008, in order to evaluate the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) module. This module, consisting of three interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes, is part of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and was developed indigenously by the Institute for Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados, IEAv).[8] The missile proximity fuse is provided by the Brazilian firm Opto Eletronica.[9]
Until April 2012, over 20 missile test firings have been carried out by AMX aircraft.[1]
The missile is guided by a locally developed passive anti-radiation seeker, designed to target different types of land-based and sea-based[4] radars operating in different bands, including high power surveillance radars, low power mobile radars and tracking radars used by surface-to-air missile systems. Enemy radars can be targeted by the missile independently or with targeting data from the launch aircraft's electronic warfare systems, such as the radar warning receiver. The missile has full ECCM capability, and uses passive guidance in pre-programmed self-defense (reactive) mode, or target of opportunity mode, used primarily for area suppression or attacking expected targets.[10] In order to improve survivability, the missile's airframe is built with composite materials that reduce its radar cross-section.[6]
The program was conducted since the beginning by DCTA (Aerospace Technology and Science Department), along with Mectron, a Sao Jose dos Campos based company, and is currently in final testing phase. According to FAB, the test campaing is now in the weapons separation trials phase, using A-1B aircraft from IPTV (Instituto de Pesquisa e Teste de Voo - Research and Flight Test Institute), a division of DCTA.
The analysis of simulated firings showed that the search head of the MAR-1 is able to detect a low-power radar such as the EDT-FILA at distances greater than 50 km.
The greatest difficulty during development was building an indigenous gyroscopic platform (a navigation system that "flies" the missile while it searches for targets during flight). Such technology is earmarked for embargo, due to political and strategic considerations. This required the project to be re-started almost from scratch, resulting in the development of a Miniature Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, with three orthogonal axes, to provide the necessary information for on-board computers and ensuring missile accuracy. The design of this subsystem was conducted by IEAv (Institute of Advanced Studies of DCTA) and Mectron.
Another obstacle arose in 1999, when Brazil tried to purchase spiral antennas and some other systems for MAR-1's search head development from a Las Vegas manufacturer,[which?] however the U.S. government blocked the sale, claiming that "it is not America's interest to introduce anti-radiation weapons in this region.[11] ". Faced with this obstacle, the DCTA had only one alternative: to locally develop a seeker head.[11] This subsystem was developed and tested with simulated emissions from a TS-100 + Systems Excalibur (0.5 to 18 GHz) and HS-125 aircraft from CTA's flight test division, as well as EMB-110 "Bandeirulha" patrol aircraft equipped with electronic test gear.
In November 2012 an update to the missile's software was being introduced and the missile was undergoing final flight tests on A-1/AMX strike aircraft.[12]
In December 2008 the Brazilian government approved the sale of 100 MAR-1 missiles to the Pakistan Air Force, in a contract worth $108 million.[7] In April 2013 Mectron had integrated MAR-1 missiles with Pakistani Mirage III/V strike aircraft. Training rounds of the MAR-1 missile were also delivered, along with equipment for mission planning, logistics and support. Mectron is to finish development, testing and deliver the first operational missile rounds in 2014 to Brazil and Pakistan.[13]
In October 2013, the UAE Armed Forces expressed its interest in purchasing a batch of missiles.[14]
Operators
Current operators
See also
- Similar missiles
- Bibliography
- Crespo, Antonio (December 2006). "Nacionalização de Itens de Guerra Eletrônica: uma necessidade estratégica e logística". UNIFA (in Portuguese). 18 (21). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 136–141. ISSN 2175-2567.
- Wall, Robert (23 April 2012). Velocci, Anthony (ed.). "Guided Trajectory". Aviation Week & Space Technology. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill: 79–80. ISSN 0005-2175.
References
- ^ a b c d e Wall (2012), p. 80
- ^ "CTA – Mectron: Míssil MAR-1". defesanet.com.br. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.
- ^ "MAR-1 está integrado ao JF-17 do Paquistão".
- ^ a b "Mercado em 3 continente" (in Portuguese). Tecnologia & Defesa. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Morais, Ana; Filho, José; Mallaco, Lais; Brito, Márcia (2011). Relatório de Atividades: 2010 (PDF) (Report) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Aeronautics and Space Institute. p. 67. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
- ^ a b http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/MAR-1-Anti-Radiation-Missile-Brazil.html
- ^ a b http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Brazil-to-Sell-MAR-1-SEAD-Missiles-to-Pakistan-05182/
- ^ "Blocos girométricos desenvolvidos no IEAv são testados no Míssil MAR-1" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Air Force. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ Bonilla, Javier (13 December 2013). "La brasileña Mectron comienza a producir a nivel industrial el misil anti radar MAR-1 exportado a Paquistán" (in Spanish). Defesa.com. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ Roberto, Godoy (5 December 2008). "Exportação de mísseis mostra novas metas do Plano de Defesa" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ a b Crespo (2006), p. 139
- ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-official-details-missile-developments-378680/
- ^ a b Hewson, Robert (17 April 2013). "Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year". Jane's Defence Weekly. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ http://www.tecnodefesa.com.br/materia.php?materia=1362