Road roller: Difference between revisions
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{{redirect|Roller-compactor|other types of rolling compactors|Compactor}} |
{{redirect|Roller-compactor|other types of rolling compactors|Compactor}} |
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[[File:John Deere roller, U.S. Navy, Camp Covington, NMCB-133, 080928-N-1106H-001.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] soil compactor equipped with padfoot drum, being used to compact the ground before placing concrete]] |
[[File:John Deere roller, U.S. Navy, Camp Covington, NMCB-133, 080928-N-1106H-001.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] soil compactor equipped with padfoot drum, being used to compact the ground before placing concrete]] |
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[[Image:Roadroller.jpg|thumb|An old diesel-powered |
[[Image:Roadroller.jpg|thumb|An old diesel-powered road roller]] |
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[[File:386x254_DS_31_copy.jpg|thumb|220px| |
[[File:386x254_DS_31_copy.jpg|thumb|220px|Road roller DS-31 (Beldоrtekhnika JSC )<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bdt.by/products/catalog/SelfPropelled/katok-vibratsionnyiy-dvuhvaltsevyiy-ds-311/|title=Дорожные катки - Каток вибрационный двухвальцевый ДС-31 | ОАО "Белдортехника"|website=www.bdt.by|access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref>]] |
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A ''' |
A '''road roller''' (sometimes called a ''roller-compactor'', or just ''roller'') is a [[compactor]] type [[engineering vehicle]] used to [[soil compaction|compact soil]], [[gravel]], [[concrete]], or [[asphalt]] in the [[construction]] of [[road]]s and [[Foundation (architecture)|foundations]]. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture. |
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In some parts of the world, |
In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as [[steamroller|steam rollers]], regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[Image:Deutsches Straßenmuseum, Germersheim. Horse-drawn |
[[Image:Deutsches Straßenmuseum, Germersheim. Horse-drawn road roller 01.jpg|thumb|Horse-drawn road roller from 1800]] |
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[[Image:Steam engine Lausanne 2.jpg|thumb| [[steam engine|Steam]]-powered roller]] |
[[Image:Steam engine Lausanne 2.jpg|thumb| [[steam engine|Steam]]-powered roller]] |
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[[Image:ZettelmeyerWalze.jpg|thumb|[[Zettelmeyer]] diesel-powered |
[[Image:ZettelmeyerWalze.jpg|thumb|[[Zettelmeyer]] diesel-powered road roller]] |
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The first |
The first road rollers were [[horse]]-drawn, and were probably just borrowed farm implements'' (see [[roller (agricultural tool)]])''. |
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{{Main article|steamroller}} |
{{Main article|steamroller}} |
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Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were [[steam roller]]s. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base compaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear to promote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid surfaces due to their smoother running engines, however both cylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often referred to as 'chip chasers' which followed behind the hot tar and chipping laying machines. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s. |
Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were [[steam roller]]s. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base compaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear to promote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid surfaces due to their smoother running engines, however both cylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often referred to as 'chip chasers' which followed behind the hot tar and chipping laying machines. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s. |
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As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, [[kerosene]]-, [[gasoline]]- (petrol), and [[Diesel engine|diesel]]-powered rollers gradually replaced their [[steam]]-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered |
As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, [[kerosene]]-, [[gasoline]]- (petrol), and [[Diesel engine|diesel]]-powered rollers gradually replaced their [[steam]]-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some users did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones. |
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Virtually all |
Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel power. |
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==Uses on a road: Start-to-finish== |
==Uses on a road: Start-to-finish== |
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Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical advantage (vibrating). Initial [[Soil compaction|compaction]] of the substrate on a road project is done using a padfoot drum roller, which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area. On large freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade, such as a Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads a smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used. The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth, and this is usually done in combination with a motor grader to get a level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used. These rollers feature two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres that overlap, and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The next course (road base) would be compacted using a smooth single drum, smooth tandem roller or pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader, and a water truck to achieve the desired flat surface with the right moisture content for optimum compaction. Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface (There is however an exception, if the single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine). The final wear course of [[asphalt concrete]] (a.k.a. asphalt or blacktop in North America, or macadam in England) is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller. Three point rollers on asphalt were very common once and are still used, but tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now, with the pneumatic tyre roller's kneading action being the last roller to seal off the surface. |
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Rollers are also used in [[landfill]] compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot" drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the smaller area contacting the ground. |
Rollers are also used in [[landfill]] compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot" drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the smaller area contacting the ground. |
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==Configurations== |
==Configurations== |
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[[File:Construction site near Yass site cleared and bull dozed cleared steam roller in background.JPG|thumb|Flattened and leveled construction site with |
[[File:Construction site near Yass site cleared and bull dozed cleared steam roller in background.JPG|thumb|Flattened and leveled construction site with road roller in the background]] |
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The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person, and weighs 100 pounds, or as large as a ride-on |
The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person, and weighs 100 pounds, or as large as a ride-on road roller weighing 22 [[short ton]]s (44,000 lb or 20 [[metric ton|tonnes]]) and costing more than [[United States dollar|US$]]150,000. A landfill unit may weigh 59 short tons (54 tonnes). |
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===Roller types=== |
===Roller types=== |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery mode=packed> |
<gallery mode=packed> |
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Image: |
Image:Road roller powered walk-behind 03.jpg|Powered, vibrating walk-behind |
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Image:Road_roller_ride-on_articulating-swivel_small_01.jpg|Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine) |
Image:Road_roller_ride-on_articulating-swivel_small_01.jpg|Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine) |
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Image: |
Image:Road roller ride-on articulating-swivel large 02.jpg|Ride-on with articulating-swivel (large machine) |
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File:Châtignac 16 Travaux LGV Compacteur 2013.jpg|Ride-on with articulating-swivel, Bomag BW 219 DH WR 2500 |
File:Châtignac 16 Travaux LGV Compacteur 2013.jpg|Ride-on with articulating-swivel, Bomag BW 219 DH WR 2500 |
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Image:Dynapac CC232.JPG|Vibrating Dynapac CC232 |
Image:Dynapac CC232.JPG|Vibrating Dynapac CC232 |
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Image:Caterpillar CS-533E.jpg | A [[Caterpillar CS-533E]] vibratory roller. |
Image:Caterpillar CS-533E.jpg | A [[Caterpillar CS-533E]] vibratory roller. |
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Image:Pneumatic |
Image:Pneumatic road roller Hamm AG GRW 18 01.jpg|Pneumatic roller |
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Image:Tractor-powered Roadroller.jpg|A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it |
Image:Tractor-powered Roadroller.jpg|A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{commons category| |
{{commons category|Road rollers}} |
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* [[Steamroller|Steam roller]] — the first powered |
* [[Steamroller|Steam roller]] — the first powered road rollers |
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* [[Roller (agricultural tool)]] — for farm rollers |
* [[Roller (agricultural tool)]] — for farm rollers |
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* [[Roller (disambiguation)]] — for other types of roller |
* [[Roller (disambiguation)]] — for other types of roller |
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* [[Landfill compaction vehicle]] |
* [[Landfill compaction vehicle]] |
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* [[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.r-r-a.org.uk/ |
*[http://www.r-r-a.org.uk/ Road Roller Association] — UK-based society dedicated to the preservation of steam and motor rollers, and ancillary road-making equipment. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Road Roller}} |
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[[Category:Engineering vehicles]] |
[[Category:Engineering vehicles]] |
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[[Category:Road construction]] |
[[Category:Road construction]] |
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Revision as of 16:36, 9 March 2017
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.
In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making).
History
The first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably just borrowed farm implements (see roller (agricultural tool)).
Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were steam rollers. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base compaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear to promote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid surfaces due to their smoother running engines, however both cylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often referred to as 'chip chasers' which followed behind the hot tar and chipping laying machines. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s.
As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some users did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones.
Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel power.
Uses on a road: Start-to-finish
Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical advantage (vibrating). Initial compaction of the substrate on a road project is done using a padfoot drum roller, which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area. On large freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade, such as a Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads a smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used. The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth, and this is usually done in combination with a motor grader to get a level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used. These rollers feature two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres that overlap, and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The next course (road base) would be compacted using a smooth single drum, smooth tandem roller or pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader, and a water truck to achieve the desired flat surface with the right moisture content for optimum compaction. Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface (There is however an exception, if the single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine). The final wear course of asphalt concrete (a.k.a. asphalt or blacktop in North America, or macadam in England) is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller. Three point rollers on asphalt were very common once and are still used, but tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now, with the pneumatic tyre roller's kneading action being the last roller to seal off the surface.
Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot" drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the smaller area contacting the ground.
Configurations
The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person, and weighs 100 pounds, or as large as a ride-on road roller weighing 22 short tons (44,000 lb or 20 tonnes) and costing more than US$150,000. A landfill unit may weigh 59 short tons (54 tonnes).
Roller types
Pedestrian operated
- Rammer (bounce up and down)
- Walk-behind plate compactor/light
- Trench roller (manual unit or radio-frequency remote control)
- Walk-behind roller/light (single drum)
- Walk-behind roller/heavy (double drum)
Ride-on smooth finish
- Tandem drum (static)
- Tandem drum (vibrating)
- Single drum roller (smooth)
- Pneumatic-tyred Roller, a.k.a. rubber tyre or multi-wheel
- Combination roller (single row of tyres and a steel drum)
- Three point roller (steam rollers are usually three-point)
Ride-on soil/landfill compactor with pads/feet/spikes
- Single drum roller (soil)
- 4-wheel (soil/landfill)
- 3-point (soil/landfill)
- Tandem drum (soil/landfill)
Other
- Tractor-mounted and tractor-powered (conversion – see gallery picture below)
- Drawn rollers or towed rollers (were very common once, but not so now)
- Impact compactor (uses a square or polygon drum to strike the ground hard for proof rolling or deep lift compacting)
- Drum roller with rubber coated drum for asphalt compaction
- Log skidder converted to compactor for landfill
- Wheel loader converted to compactor for landfill
Drum types
Drums are available in widths ranging from 24 to 84 inches (0.6 to 2 metres).
Tyre roller types
Tyre rollers are available in widths ranging up to 2.7 metres (8.9 ft), with between 7 and 11 wheels (e.g. 3 wheels at front, 4 at back): 7 and 8 wheel types are normally used in Europe and Africa; 9 and 11 in America; and any type in Asia. Very heavy tyre rollers are used to compact soil.
Variations and features
- On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between work sites. On pneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water or sand, or for extra compaction wet sand is used. Modern tyre rollers may be filled with steel ballast, which gives a more even balance for better compaction.
- Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums, allowing a small, light machine to perform as well as a much heavier one. Vibration is typically produced by a free-spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an eccentric weight has been attached. Some rollers have a second weight that can be rotated relative to the main weight, to adjust the vibration amplitude and thus the compacting force.
- Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on-board "sprinkler tanks" to prevent hot asphalt sticking to the drum.
- Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility. While early examples used direct mechanical drives, hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to contamination and allows the drum to be driven, providing extra traction on inclines.
- Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.
- Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other (format known as "duplex"), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction.
Gallery
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Powered, vibrating walk-behind -
Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine) -
Ride-on with articulating-swivel (large machine) -
Ride-on with articulating-swivel, Bomag BW 219 DH WR 2500 -
Vibrating Dynapac CC232 -
A Caterpillar CS-533E vibratory roller. -
Pneumatic roller -
A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it
Manufacturers
- ABG (Germany) — SD/TD (purchased by Ingersoll Rand and now part of Volvo CE)
- Albaret (France) — PT/TD (now part of Caterpillar)
- Ammann Group (Switzerland)
- Aveling-Barford (England) — TD/PT/3P
- BOMAG (Germany) — SD/TD/PT (BOMAG/HYPAC in the USA market)
- Case CE (USA) — SD (brands the Ammann/Sta machines as Case in the USA
- Caterpillar Inc. (USA) — SD/TD/PT (has the former lines of RAYGO, BROS and Bitelli
- Galion
- Hamm AG (Germany) — SD/TD/PT/3P (now part of the Wirtgen group)
- Huber — Company
- Hyster (USA) — SD/TD/PT (part of HYPAC and Bomag USA)
- Ingersoll Rand (USA) — SD/TD/PT (now owned by VOLVO)
- Kamani Engineering Corporation (India) (now part of the RPG Group) — tractor-mounted — production ended c. 1970-1980
- LiuGong
- Marshall (England) — TD
- Raskat (Russia)
- Sany (China) — SD/TD/PT
- [World Equipment](China) — SD/TD/PT
- Tampo (USA) — SD/TD
- Vibromax (Germany) — SD/TD/PT (purchased by JCB, now branded JCB)
- Wacker Neuson
- Powerpac
KEY:
- SD = Single drum
- TD = Tandem drum
- PT = Pneumatic tyre — Rubber tyre or multi-tyre are also common
- 3P = 3-point rollers — These are very similar to the old steam roller design
See also
- Steam roller — the first powered road rollers
- Roller (agricultural tool) — for farm rollers
- Roller (disambiguation) — for other types of roller
- Landfill compaction vehicle
References
- ^ "Дорожные катки - Каток вибрационный двухвальцевый ДС-31 | ОАО "Белдортехника"". www.bdt.by. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
External links
- Road Roller Association — UK-based society dedicated to the preservation of steam and motor rollers, and ancillary road-making equipment.