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'''{{IAST|Praśastapāda}}''' ({{lang-sa|पतञ्जलि}}) was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the '' Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha '' (Collection of Properties of Matter) and a commentary, titled '' Praśastapāda Bhāṣya '', on the [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra|Vaisheshika Sutra]]s of [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]] (Circa 6th Century BCE), both texts are comprehensive books in physics covering a range from general physics to quantum physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Physics in Ancient India|author=Premendra Priyadarshi|publisher=Scribd.com|page=7|url= http://www.scribd.com/doc/44099229/Modern-Physics-in-Ancient-India}}</ref> Ganganath Jha had translated '' |
'''{{IAST|Praśastapāda}}''' ({{lang-sa|पतञ्जलि}}) was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the '' Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha '' (Collection of Properties of Matter) and a commentary, titled '' Praśastapāda Bhāṣya '', on the [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra|Vaisheshika Sutra]]s of [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]] (Circa 6th Century BCE), both texts are comprehensive books in physics covering a range from general physics to quantum physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Physics in Ancient India|author=Premendra Priyadarshi|publisher=Scribd.com|page=7|url= http://www.scribd.com/doc/44099229/Modern-Physics-in-Ancient-India}}</ref> Ganganath Jha had translated '' Praśastapāda Bhāṣya '' which translation was published in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ganganath Jha|author=Hetukar Jha|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=48|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tBeE8vt5gf4C&pg=PA48&dq=Prashasta+pada+bhashaya&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aovMU8mVEZOVuAS54YLADg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Prashasta%20pada%20bhashaya&f=false }}</ref> '' Prashasta '' or '' Praśasta '' ([[Sanskrit]]: प्रशस्त) means praised or praiseworthy, lauded or laudable, commended or commendable or eulogized.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S.Apte|publisher=The digital Dictionaries of South Asia|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 }}</ref> |
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[[Dayananda Saraswati]] writes that the [[Sutra]]s of Kanāda and '' |
[[Dayananda Saraswati]] writes that the [[Sutra]]s of Kanāda and '' Padārthadharmasaṅgraha '' of Praśastapāda do not show much influence of the [[Nyaya]] System.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dayananda’s Outline of Vedic Philosophy|author=Satya Prakash|publisher=Dayanand Sansthan|page=43|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ccAAAAMAAJ&q=Prashasta+pada+bhashaya&dq=Prashasta+pada+bhashaya&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aovMU8mVEZOVuAS54YLADg&redir_esc=y }}</ref> '' Praśastapāda Bhāṣya '' is actually not a commentary but an independent compendium of the tenets of the Vaisheshika School. <ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental philosophy and Religion|publisher=Global Vision Publication House|page=386|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0TBTVPax4E8C&pg=PA386&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ru_MU9nhOcK8ugSqkYDwBQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=Prashastapada&f=false }}</ref> [[Udayana| Udayanacharya]] of the [[Navya-Nyāya]] School, the author of '' Lakṣaṇāvalī '' which gives the definitions of Vaiśeṣika terms, and '' Nyāya Kusumanjali '' which is a systematic account of Nyaya Theism, who also belonged to [[Mithila, India|Mithila]], had written '' Kiranavali '' which is a commentary on '' Praśastapāda Bhāṣya ''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indology|author=Vishnulok Bihari Srivastva|publisher=V&S Publishers|page=323|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gZuNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT323&dq=Prashasta&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CIrMU-3cIdigugSBrYLABQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Prashasta&f=false }}</ref> |
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Praśastapāda lived in the 4th century AD. The Vaiśeṣika philosophy recognizes twenty-four '' [[Guṇa|guna]]s '' or qualities that are inherent in substances; these include seventeen gunas listed by Kanada and seven gunas – '' gurutva '' (heaviness), '' dravatva '' (fluidity), '' sneha '' (viscidity), '' dharma '' (merit), '' adharma '' (demerit), '' shabda '' (sound) and '' samskara '' (faculty) - added by Praśastapāda. '' Vyomavati '' of Vyomaśekhara, '' Nyayakandali '' of Shridhara, '' Kiranavali '' of Udayana and '' Lilavati '' of Śrīvatsa are well known commentaries on his works.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|pages=151, 314|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA314&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q-TMU4DfL46yuASw_YHwDA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Prashastapada&f=false }}</ref> |
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Praśastapāda refers to a type of perception that is the simple intuition ('' alochana '') of the proper form ('' svarupa '') of an entity, which is the apprehension of an undifferentiated ('' avibhktam '') whole arising from cognition of its specific universals. This is the preliminary stage. He differs from [[Dignāga]] for whom the determinates of cognitions are subjective constructs imposed upon the given, and constructive cognition is not a perception; Praśastapāda, who was a realist, avers that the determinates are objective constituents of reality and their conceptual co-relates are not inter-subjective fictions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy|publisher=Routledgpage=419|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qunYrHJTf9sC&pg=PA419&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q-TMU4DfL46yuASw_YHwDA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Prashastapada&f=false }}</ref> Praśastapāda by redefining substance as per se a possessor of attributes opened new turf by separating the cosmological from the logical dimensions of concepts. His commentary overshadowed the Vaisheshika Sutras and became the main vehicle for later commentaries.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Socialogy of Philosophies|author=Randall Collins|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=234|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA234&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q-TMU4DfL46yuASw_YHwDA&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Prashastapada&f=false }}</ref> Praśastapāda describes the dissolution of the earth, water, air and fire in terms of their atomic constituents but excludes space because space is non-atomic. With regard to the conjoining and disjoining of atoms he includes a higher will or order as the guiding principle of universal dissolution which over-rides the natural karma of atoms.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nayaya-Vaisheshika : The Indian Tradition of Physics|author=Roopa Hulikal Narayan|publisher=arxiv.org|url= http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0701/0701077.pdf }}</ref> |
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Kaṇāda does not directly refer to [[Ishvara]] (God) but Praśastapāda sees Ishvara as the cause of the universe<ref>{{cite book|title=The Religions of India|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin books India|page=380|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA380&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gPHMU8TfCMGWuASHjYKwCg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Prashastapada&f=false }}</ref> but does not explain how God creates.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Ramakrishana Mission Institute of Culture Vol.54|page=163|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E8nWAAAAMAAJ&q=Prashastapada&dq=Prashastapada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MfPMU8-zKcSTuATEnIGwCA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBTgy }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Praśastapāda (Template:Lang-sa) was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha (Collection of Properties of Matter) and a commentary, titled Praśastapāda Bhāṣya , on the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada (Circa 6th Century BCE), both texts are comprehensive books in physics covering a range from general physics to quantum physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion.[1] Ganganath Jha had translated Praśastapāda Bhāṣya which translation was published in 1916.[2] Prashasta or Praśasta (Sanskrit: प्रशस्त) means praised or praiseworthy, lauded or laudable, commended or commendable or eulogized.[3]
Dayananda Saraswati writes that the Sutras of Kanāda and Padārthadharmasaṅgraha of Praśastapāda do not show much influence of the Nyaya System.[4] Praśastapāda Bhāṣya is actually not a commentary but an independent compendium of the tenets of the Vaisheshika School. [5] Udayanacharya of the Navya-Nyāya School, the author of Lakṣaṇāvalī which gives the definitions of Vaiśeṣika terms, and Nyāya Kusumanjali which is a systematic account of Nyaya Theism, who also belonged to Mithila, had written Kiranavali which is a commentary on Praśastapāda Bhāṣya .[6]
Praśastapāda lived in the 4th century AD. The Vaiśeṣika philosophy recognizes twenty-four gunas or qualities that are inherent in substances; these include seventeen gunas listed by Kanada and seven gunas – gurutva (heaviness), dravatva (fluidity), sneha (viscidity), dharma (merit), adharma (demerit), shabda (sound) and samskara (faculty) - added by Praśastapāda. Vyomavati of Vyomaśekhara, Nyayakandali of Shridhara, Kiranavali of Udayana and Lilavati of Śrīvatsa are well known commentaries on his works.[7]
Praśastapāda refers to a type of perception that is the simple intuition ( alochana ) of the proper form ( svarupa ) of an entity, which is the apprehension of an undifferentiated ( avibhktam ) whole arising from cognition of its specific universals. This is the preliminary stage. He differs from Dignāga for whom the determinates of cognitions are subjective constructs imposed upon the given, and constructive cognition is not a perception; Praśastapāda, who was a realist, avers that the determinates are objective constituents of reality and their conceptual co-relates are not inter-subjective fictions.[8] Praśastapāda by redefining substance as per se a possessor of attributes opened new turf by separating the cosmological from the logical dimensions of concepts. His commentary overshadowed the Vaisheshika Sutras and became the main vehicle for later commentaries.[9] Praśastapāda describes the dissolution of the earth, water, air and fire in terms of their atomic constituents but excludes space because space is non-atomic. With regard to the conjoining and disjoining of atoms he includes a higher will or order as the guiding principle of universal dissolution which over-rides the natural karma of atoms.[10]
Kaṇāda does not directly refer to Ishvara (God) but Praśastapāda sees Ishvara as the cause of the universe[11] but does not explain how God creates.[12]
References
- ^ Premendra Priyadarshi. Modern Physics in Ancient India. Scribd.com. p. 7.
- ^ Hetukar Jha. Ganganath Jha. Sahitya Akademi. p. 48.
- ^ V.S.Apte. The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. The digital Dictionaries of South Asia.
- ^ Satya Prakash. Dayananda’s Outline of Vedic Philosophy. Dayanand Sansthan. p. 43.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Oriental philosophy and Religion. Global Vision Publication House. p. 386.
- ^ Vishnulok Bihari Srivastva. Dictionary of Indology. V&S Publishers. p. 323.
- ^ Roshen Dalal. Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. pp. 151, 314.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy. Routledgpage=419.
- ^ Randall Collins. The Socialogy of Philosophies. Harvard University Press. p. 234.
- ^ Roopa Hulikal Narayan. Nayaya-Vaisheshika : The Indian Tradition of Physics (PDF). arxiv.org.
- ^ Roshen Dalal. The Religions of India. Penguin books India. p. 380.
- ^ Bulletin of the Ramakrishana Mission Institute of Culture Vol.54. p. 163.