Magnesium argide: Difference between revisions
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Unionized MgAr can also exist as a [[van der Waals molecule]] or temporarily in an excited state termed a [[Rydberg molecule]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Massick|first1=Steven|last2=Breckenridge|first2=W. H.|title=Spectroscopic characterization of the 3Δ(4d), 3Π(4d), 3Σ+(4d), and 3Π(5p) Rydberg states of the MgAr van der Waals molecule|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|date=8 February 1997|volume=106|issue=6|pages=2171–2181|doi=10.1063/1.473673}}</ref> The neutral molecule can be formed by evaporating magnesium metal using a laser into argon gas, and then expanding it through a supersonic jet.<ref name=leung/> MgAr is mainly held together with [[dispersion forces]] which vary as the inverse sixth power of the separation. The ground state MgAr has electron configuration Mg(3s3s <sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>)Ar <sup>1</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup><ref name=hal>{{cite journal|last1=Hald|first1=Kasper|last2=Jørgensen|first2=Poul|last3=Breckenridge|first3=W.H|last4=Jaszuński|first4=Michał|title=Calculation of ground and excited state potential energy curves of the MgAr complex using the coupled cluster approximate triples model CC3|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|date=October 2002|volume=364|issue=3-4|pages=402–408|doi=10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01339-8}}</ref>. The triplet states with one excited electron include Mg(3s3pπ <sup>3</sup>P<sub>0</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Π<sub>0+</sub>, Mg(3s4s <sup>3</sup>S<sub>1</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup>, Mg(3s3dδ <sup>3</sup>D<sub>J</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Δ, and Mg(3s4pπ <sup>3</sup>P<sub>J</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Π<sub>0+</sub>. A singlet single excited electron state is Mg(3s3pπ <sup>1</sup>P)Ar <sup>1</sup>Π.<ref name=hal/> |
Unionized MgAr can also exist as a [[van der Waals molecule]] or temporarily in an excited state termed a [[Rydberg molecule]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Massick|first1=Steven|last2=Breckenridge|first2=W. H.|title=Spectroscopic characterization of the 3Δ(4d), 3Π(4d), 3Σ+(4d), and 3Π(5p) Rydberg states of the MgAr van der Waals molecule|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|date=8 February 1997|volume=106|issue=6|pages=2171–2181|doi=10.1063/1.473673}}</ref> The neutral molecule can be formed by evaporating magnesium metal using a laser into argon gas, and then expanding it through a supersonic jet.<ref name=leung/> MgAr is mainly held together with [[dispersion forces]] which vary as the inverse sixth power of the separation. The ground state MgAr has electron configuration Mg(3s3s <sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>)Ar <sup>1</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup><ref name=hal>{{cite journal|last1=Hald|first1=Kasper|last2=Jørgensen|first2=Poul|last3=Breckenridge|first3=W.H|last4=Jaszuński|first4=Michał|title=Calculation of ground and excited state potential energy curves of the MgAr complex using the coupled cluster approximate triples model CC3|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|date=October 2002|volume=364|issue=3-4|pages=402–408|doi=10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01339-8}}</ref>. The triplet states with one excited electron include Mg(3s3pπ <sup>3</sup>P<sub>0</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Π<sub>0+</sub>, Mg(3s4s <sup>3</sup>S<sub>1</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup>, Mg(3s3dδ <sup>3</sup>D<sub>J</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Δ, and Mg(3s4pπ <sup>3</sup>P<sub>J</sub>)Ar <sup>3</sup>Π<sub>0+</sub>. A singlet single excited electron state is Mg(3s3pπ <sup>1</sup>P)Ar <sup>1</sup>Π.<ref name=hal/> |
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A doubly excited state, where two electrons on the magnesium atom are boosted to 3p sub-orbitals, has a strong binding energy, even higher than in MgAr<sup>+</sup>.<ref name=leung>{{cite journal|last1=Leung|first1=Allen W.K.|last2=Roberson|first2=Mark|last3=Simons|first3=Jack|last4=Breckenridge|first4=W.H.|title=Strong bonding in a doubly excited valence state of a van der Waals molecule|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|date=August 1996|volume=259|issue=1-2|pages=199–203|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(96)00723-3}}</ref> |
A doubly excited state, where two electrons on the magnesium atom are boosted to 3p sub-orbitals, has a strong binding energy, even higher than in MgAr<sup>+</sup>.<ref name=leung>{{cite journal|last1=Leung|first1=Allen W.K.|last2=Roberson|first2=Mark|last3=Simons|first3=Jack|last4=Breckenridge|first4=W.H.|title=Strong bonding in a doubly excited valence state of a van der Waals molecule|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|date=August 1996|volume=259|issue=1-2|pages=199–203|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(96)00723-3}}</ref> Normally an ion would bond an inert gas atom more strongly, as attraction varies as 1/R<sup>4</sup>, compared to 1/R<sup>6</sup> for a van der Waals molecule, and in an ion, the electron cloud shrinks due to the more positive charge attracting it. Howeever in the doubly excited state both of the magnesium atoms are in p suborbitals, which can be arranged so that electron density is on a line perpendicular to a potential argon atom bond. This allows the two atoms to approach each other closer.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Massick|first1=Steven|last2=Breckenridge|first2=W. H.|title=A new class of strongly bound, doubly excited valence states of neutral van der Waals molecules: Mg(3pπ,3pπ 3PJ )⋅Ar(3Σ)|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|date=15 May 1996|volume=104|issue=19|pages=7784–7787|doi=10.1063/1.471657}}</ref> |
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!state<ref name=hal/> |
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Revision as of 05:52, 5 May 2017
The magnesium argide ion, MgAr+ is an ion composed of one ionised magnesium atom, Mg+ and an argon atom. It is important in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and in the study of the field around the magnesium ion.[1] The ionization potential of magnesium is lower than the first excitation state of argon, so the positive charge in MgAr+ will reside on the magnesium atom. Neutral MgAr molecules can exist in an excited state.
Spectrum
The spectrum of MgAr+ can be observed. It resembles that of Mg+, however some lines are blue shifted and others red shifted. In Mg+ the ground state is termed 2S. A first excited state has a 3s electron moved to the 3p orbital and the state is termed 2P. But because of spin-orbit coupling it is actually split into 2P1/2 and 2P3⁄2 with energy 35,669 and 35,761 cm−1.[1] In comparison the ionic molecule has a ground state called 2Σ+. The corresponding excited state is significantly split into two depending on whether the p orbital of the magnesium is pointing to the argon or is perpendicular. When the electron in the p orbital is perpendicular to the Mg-Ar axis, the argon sees a greater electrostatic force from the magnesium atom and is more tightly bound. This lowers the energy level of what is called the 2Π level. This too is split into 2Π1/2 and 2Π3⁄2. When the excited electron is in line with the argon the state is called 2Σ+ and corresponds only to 2P3⁄2 and so is not split.[1]
The MgAr+ spectrum shows bands, with the first one at 31,396 cm−1, which is redshifted 4300 cm−1 from Mg+. The band is blue degraded. The band consists of a series of doublets. The two lines in the doublet are separated by 75 cm−1, and from one pair to the next one is 270 cm−1. This band is due to A2Π ← X2Σ+.[1]
Properties
In the ground state the binding energy or MgAr+ is 1281 cm−1 and in the A2Π1/2 state is 5554 cm−1 (3.66 kcal/mol).[1] The A2Π1/2 state has a stronger bond because a p electron overlaps the argon atom less, and thus has less repulsion.[2] The dissociation energy of the ground state ion is 1295 cm−1 (15 kJ/mol).[3]
The bond length is 2.854 Å for the ground state, and 2.406 Å for the excited state. The 2Π state is predicted to have a radiative lifetime of about 6 nanoseconds.[2]
Neutral molecule
Unionized MgAr can also exist as a van der Waals molecule or temporarily in an excited state termed a Rydberg molecule.[4] The neutral molecule can be formed by evaporating magnesium metal using a laser into argon gas, and then expanding it through a supersonic jet.[5] MgAr is mainly held together with dispersion forces which vary as the inverse sixth power of the separation. The ground state MgAr has electron configuration Mg(3s3s 1S0)Ar 1Σ+[6]. The triplet states with one excited electron include Mg(3s3pπ 3P0)Ar 3Π0+, Mg(3s4s 3S1)Ar 3Σ+, Mg(3s3dδ 3DJ)Ar 3Δ, and Mg(3s4pπ 3PJ)Ar 3Π0+. A singlet single excited electron state is Mg(3s3pπ 1P)Ar 1Π.[6]
A doubly excited state, where two electrons on the magnesium atom are boosted to 3p sub-orbitals, has a strong binding energy, even higher than in MgAr+.[5] Normally an ion would bond an inert gas atom more strongly, as attraction varies as 1/R4, compared to 1/R6 for a van der Waals molecule, and in an ion, the electron cloud shrinks due to the more positive charge attracting it. Howeever in the doubly excited state both of the magnesium atoms are in p suborbitals, which can be arranged so that electron density is on a line perpendicular to a potential argon atom bond. This allows the two atoms to approach each other closer.[7]
| state[6] | electron state | Mg excitation energy cm−1 | MgAr excitation energy cm−1 | bond length Å | ωe | dissociation energy cm−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ground | Mg(3s3s 1S0)Ar 1Σ+ | 0 | 0 | 4.56 | small | |
| singlet | Mg(3s3pπ 1P)Ar 1Π | 34770 | 34770 | 3.31 | 175[5] | |
| triplet | Mg(3s3pπ 3P0)Ar 3Π0+ | 21850–21911 | 21760 | 3.66 | ||
| Mg(3s4s 3S1)Ar 3Σ+ | 41197 | 40317 | 2.84 | |||
| Mg(3s3dδ 3DJ)Ar 3Δ | 47957 | 46885 | 2.90 | |||
| Mg(3s4pπ 3PJ)Ar 3Π0+ | 47847–47851 | 46663 | 2.84 | |||
| double | Mg(3p3pπ 3PJ)Ar 3Π0+ | 57812–57873 | 2.41 | 2960[5] |
Application
MgAr+ can interfere with determination of copper or zinc isotopes when using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, particularly when using a desolvated plasma. When analysing mineral specimens, magnesium is a common element found in rock matrix. It can react with the argon ions present in the plasma.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e Pilgrim, J. S.; Yeh, C. S.; Berry, K. R.; Duncan, M. A. (1994). "Photodissociation spectroscopy of Mg+–rare gas complexes". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 100 (11): 7945. doi:10.1063/1.466840.
- ^ a b Bauschlicher, Charles W.; Partridge, Harry (June 1995). "A study of the X 2Σ+ and A 2Π states of MgAr+ and MgKr+". Chemical Physics Letters. 239 (4–6): 241–245. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(95)00449-E.
- ^ Massick, Steven; Breckenridge, W.H. (August 1996). "A determination of the ionization threshold for the Mg(3s3p3P0) · Ar(3Π0−) metastable state: The bond energy of MgAr+". Chemical Physics Letters. 257 (5–6): 465–470. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(96)00565-9.
- ^ Massick, Steven; Breckenridge, W. H. (8 February 1997). "Spectroscopic characterization of the 3Δ(4d), 3Π(4d), 3Σ+(4d), and 3Π(5p) Rydberg states of the MgAr van der Waals molecule". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 106 (6): 2171–2181. doi:10.1063/1.473673.
- ^ a b c d Leung, Allen W.K.; Roberson, Mark; Simons, Jack; Breckenridge, W.H. (August 1996). "Strong bonding in a doubly excited valence state of a van der Waals molecule". Chemical Physics Letters. 259 (1–2): 199–203. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(96)00723-3.
- ^ a b c Hald, Kasper; Jørgensen, Poul; Breckenridge, W.H; Jaszuński, Michał (October 2002). "Calculation of ground and excited state potential energy curves of the MgAr complex using the coupled cluster approximate triples model CC3". Chemical Physics Letters. 364 (3–4): 402–408. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01339-8.
- ^ Massick, Steven; Breckenridge, W. H. (15 May 1996). "A new class of strongly bound, doubly excited valence states of neutral van der Waals molecules: Mg(3pπ,3pπ 3PJ )⋅Ar(3Σ)". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 104 (19): 7784–7787. doi:10.1063/1.471657.
- ^ Mason, Thomas F. D.; Weiss, Dominik J.; Horstwood, Matthew; Parrish, Randall R.; Russell, Sara S.; Mullane, Eta; Coles, Barry J. (2004). "High-precision Cu and Zn isotope analysis by plasma source mass spectrometry". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 19 (2): 209. doi:10.1039/b306958c.