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==History==
==History==
In 1938, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] signed the [[Wagner-O'Day Act]] which directed the government to purchase products manufactured by blind Americans.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=9}} Robert Irwin, who was the executive director of the [[American Foundation for the Blind]], and Peter Salmon who was the assistant director for the [[Industrial Home for the Blind]] promoted the bill in [[Washington, D.C.]]{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=9}} This act gave [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organizations]] for the blind the ability to sell to the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]].{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=10}} It also provided the creation of a committee, known as the Committee on Purchases of Blind-Made Products, which had providentially appointed members representing various federal departments and private citizens.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=10-11}}
In 1938, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] signed the [[Wagner-O'Day Act]] which directed the government to purchase products manufactured by blind Americans.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=9}} Robert Irwin, who was the executive director of the [[American Foundation for the Blind]], and Peter Salmon who was the assistant director for the [[Industrial Home for the Blind]] promoted the bill in [[Washington, D.C.]]{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=9}} This act gave [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organizations]] for the blind the ability to sell to the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]].{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=10}} It also provided the creation of a committee, known as the Committee on Purchases of Blind-Made Products, which had providentially appointed members representing various federal departments and private citizens.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=10-11}}


The National Industries for the Blind (NIB) incorporated as a [[nonprofit organization]] on August 10, 1938,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nib.org/about-us/history|title=History|last=|first=|date=|website=National Industries for the Blind|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-23}}</ref> and was created as a result of the Wagner-O'Day Act.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765238//|title=Award to Blind Marks Their Success in Jobs|last=Hennessy|first=Helen|date=14 March 1969|work=Irving Daily News|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> NIB helps coordinate orders and allocate orders to different workshops for the blind.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765348//|title=Agency Assists Blind to Become Self-Supporting|last=|first=|date=28 February 1969|work=|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The first president of NIB was Chester C. Kleber, who held that position until 1960.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=127}}
The National Industries for the Blind (NIB) incorporated as a [[nonprofit organization]] on August 10, 1938,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nib.org/about-us/history|title=History|last=|first=|date=|website=National Industries for the Blind|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-23}}</ref> and was created as a result of the Wagner-O'Day Act.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765238//|title=Award to Blind Marks Their Success in Jobs|last=Hennessy|first=Helen|date=14 March 1969|work=Irving Daily News|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> NIB helps coordinate orders and allocate orders to different workshops for the blind.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765348//|title=Agency Assists Blind to Become Self-Supporting|last=|first=|date=28 February 1969|work=|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The first president of NIB was Chester C. Kleber, who held that position until 1960.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=127}}
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The Committee for Purchase designated NIB and National Industries for the Severely Handicapped ([[SourceAmerica|NISH]]) to be the two central, [[non-profit]] organizations which coordinate government acquisitions from hundreds of independent organizations for the blind and severely handicapped.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=1-2}}
The Committee for Purchase designated NIB and National Industries for the Severely Handicapped ([[SourceAmerica|NISH]]) to be the two central, [[non-profit]] organizations which coordinate government acquisitions from hundreds of independent organizations for the blind and severely handicapped.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=1-2}}


By 1998, there were 85 agencies who were associated with NIB.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanye|first=Robert|date=December 1998|title=Employment Update: The Missing Link: Real Work Experiences for People Who Are Visually Impaired|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ579510&site=ehost-live|journal=Journal Of Visual Impairment & Blindness|volume=92|issue=12|pages=844–847|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>
By 1998, there were 85 agencies who were associated with NIB.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanye|first=Robert|date=December 1998|title=Employment Update: The Missing Link: Real Work Experiences for People Who Are Visually Impaired|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ579510&site=ehost-live|journal=Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness|volume=92|issue=12|pages=844–847|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>


==Skilcraft products==
==Skilcraft products==
The first products manufactured under the program were [[Mop|mops]] and [[Broom (tool)|brooms]] for cleaning government offices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/business/with-help-from-snap-on-visually-impaired-workers-drive-home-a-point-b99429015z1-289517641.html|title=Visually impaired workers drive home a point with Snap-on|last=Barrett|first=Rick|date=22 January 2015|work=Journal Sentinel|access-date=2017-03-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> The federal government awarded around $220,000 in contracts to 36 workshops to manufacture the mops and brooms.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=27}} By 1939, NIB expanded to sell [[Pillow|pillowcases]], sanitary swabs, [[Chocolate liquor|cocoa mats]].{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=12}}
The first products manufactured under the program were [[mop]]s and [[Broom (tool)|brooms]] for cleaning government offices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/business/with-help-from-snap-on-visually-impaired-workers-drive-home-a-point-b99429015z1-289517641.html|title=Visually impaired workers drive home a point with Snap-on|last=Barrett|first=Rick|date=22 January 2015|work=Journal Sentinel|access-date=2017-03-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> The federal government awarded around $220,000 in contracts to 36 workshops to manufacture the mops and brooms.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=27}} By 1939, NIB expanded to sell [[pillow]]cases, sanitary swabs, [[Chocolate liquor|cocoa mats]].{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=12}}


Later, pens and office supplies were introduced.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/17/AR2010041701297.html |last=Mui |first=Ylan Q. |title=Low-tech Skilcraft Pens Endure in a High-tech World |publisher=''[[Washington Post]]'' |date=April 17, 2010 |accessdate=April 17, 2010}}</ref> NIB would supply the government with 70 million [[ballpoint pen]]s a year by 1969.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=22-23}} These pens have certain requirements, which include the ability to "write continuously for a mile and in temperatures up to 160 degrees and down to 40 degrees below zero."<ref name=":2" /> The ballpoint pen contract helped create jobs for 125 new workers with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765466//|title=Blind Workers Earn Record Wages In '69|last=|first=|date=29 November 1969|work=The Herald|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> By 2014, sales of the pens reached around five million dollars, with 60% of purchases from the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Dan|date=June 2014|title=The Pen Made for the White House|url=http://contentviewer.adobe.com/s/Reader's%20Digest/79f6bb82741b49038491f27f2b6ac15c/June%202014/5046.WK.WhoKnew.html|journal=Reader's Digest|volume=183|issue=1100|pages=140|via=}}</ref>
Later, pens and office supplies were introduced.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/17/AR2010041701297.html |last=Mui |first=Ylan Q. |title=Low-tech Skilcraft Pens Endure in a High-tech World |publisher=''[[Washington Post]]'' |date=April 17, 2010 |accessdate=April 17, 2010}}</ref> NIB would supply the government with 70 million [[ballpoint pen]]s a year by 1969.{{Sfn|Surrago|2013|p=22-23}} These pens have certain requirements, which include the ability to "write continuously for a mile and in temperatures up to 160 degrees and down to 40 degrees below zero."<ref name=":2" /> The ballpoint pen contract helped create jobs for 125 new workers with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9765466//|title=Blind Workers Earn Record Wages In '69|last=|first=|date=29 November 1969|work=The Herald|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> By 2014, sales of the pens reached around five million dollars, with 60% of purchases from the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Dan|date=June 2014|title=The Pen Made for the White House|url=http://contentviewer.adobe.com/s/Reader's%20Digest/79f6bb82741b49038491f27f2b6ac15c/June%202014/5046.WK.WhoKnew.html|journal=Reader's Digest|volume=183|issue=1100|pages=140|via=}}</ref>


In 1990, there were 400 different items added to the list of items manufactured.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=29}} In 2015, Skilcraft introduced a new line of products which included [[screwdriver]]s and [[socket wrench|socket wrenches]].<ref name=":0" />
In 1990, there were 400 different items added to the list of items manufactured.{{Sfn|Corning|1991|p=29}} In 2015, Skilcraft introduced a new line of products which included [[screwdriver]]s and [[socket wrench]]es.<ref name=":0" />


Today, the Skilcraft name encompasses more than 3,500 products including office supplies, janitorial equipment, [[uniforms]], and [[hospital]] supplies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=November 2013|title=Enhancing Independence for People Who Are Blind|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=112638882&site=ehost-live|journal=Profiles in Diversity Journal|volume=15|issue=6|pages=14|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> Skilcraft also provides services, such as call centers, on a contract basis to government agencies.<ref name=":1" />
Today, the Skilcraft name encompasses more than 3,500 products including office supplies, janitorial equipment, [[uniforms]], and [[hospital]] supplies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=November 2013|title=Enhancing Independence for People Who Are Blind|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=112638882&site=ehost-live|journal=Profiles in Diversity Journal|volume=15|issue=6|pages=14|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> Skilcraft also provides services, such as call centers, on a contract basis to government agencies.<ref name=":1" />
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* [http://www.ibmilw.com The Industries for the Blind, Inc. website]
* [http://www.ibmilw.com The Industries for the Blind, Inc. website]
*[http://www.jwod.gov/ JWOD-The Committee for Purchase from People Who are Blind and Severely Disabled]
*[http://www.jwod.gov/ JWOD-The Committee for Purchase from People Who are Blind and Severely Disabled]

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[[Category:Disability organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Disability organizations based in the United States]]
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Revision as of 01:44, 22 October 2017

Skilcraft pen marked "U.S. Government".

Skilcraft, often stylized as SKILCRAFT, is the registered trade name of the National Industries for the Blind (NIB).[1] Products made by Skilcraft are created largely by visually impaired or severely disabled individuals. Products bearing the Skilcraft brand are commonly used in United States federal government institutions, including the United States Postal Service. They are also commonly sold in U.S. military base exchanges.[2]

History

In 1938, President Roosevelt signed the Wagner-O'Day Act which directed the government to purchase products manufactured by blind Americans.[3] Robert Irwin, who was the executive director of the American Foundation for the Blind, and Peter Salmon who was the assistant director for the Industrial Home for the Blind promoted the bill in Washington, D.C.[3] This act gave non-profit organizations for the blind the ability to sell to the federal government.[4] It also provided the creation of a committee, known as the Committee on Purchases of Blind-Made Products, which had providentially appointed members representing various federal departments and private citizens.[5]

The National Industries for the Blind (NIB) incorporated as a nonprofit organization on August 10, 1938,[6] and was created as a result of the Wagner-O'Day Act.[7] NIB helps coordinate orders and allocate orders to different workshops for the blind.[8] The first president of NIB was Chester C. Kleber, who held that position until 1960.[9]

After World War II, the Committee on Purchases of Blind-Made Products decided that NIB should begin to sell in commercial markets.[10] In 1952,[11] NIB created the brand name, Skilcraft, which created a uniform label and emphasized the quality of the product.[12] The brand name also allowed the company to be better able to expand into the commercial marketplace.[13]

By 1960, NIB had 62 affiliated workshops.[12] In 1970, black blind workers went on strike at a Skilcraft plant in Greensboro, North Carolina, citing poor working conditions, discrimination and low wages.[14]

In 1971, Senator Jacob Javits introduced legislation extending the act to "individuals with other severe disabilities."[15] The Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act (JWOD) also gave workshops for the blind a "five-year priority on service contracts."[16] JWOD also created a committee, the Committee for Purchase from People who are Blind or Severely Disabled.[15]The committee would be made of 15 members appointed by the president, with each individual representing different federal agencies.[15] The committee also had a budget, as described by JWOD.[16]

The Committee for Purchase designated NIB and National Industries for the Severely Handicapped (NISH) to be the two central, non-profit organizations which coordinate government acquisitions from hundreds of independent organizations for the blind and severely handicapped.[17]

By 1998, there were 85 agencies who were associated with NIB.[18]

Skilcraft products

The first products manufactured under the program were mops and brooms for cleaning government offices.[19] The federal government awarded around $220,000 in contracts to 36 workshops to manufacture the mops and brooms.[20] By 1939, NIB expanded to sell pillowcases, sanitary swabs, cocoa mats.[21]

Later, pens and office supplies were introduced.[22] NIB would supply the government with 70 million ballpoint pens a year by 1969.[23] These pens have certain requirements, which include the ability to "write continuously for a mile and in temperatures up to 160 degrees and down to 40 degrees below zero."[22] The ballpoint pen contract helped create jobs for 125 new workers with disabilities.[24] By 2014, sales of the pens reached around five million dollars, with 60% of purchases from the U.S. military.[11]

In 1990, there were 400 different items added to the list of items manufactured.[25] In 2015, Skilcraft introduced a new line of products which included screwdrivers and socket wrenches.[19]

Today, the Skilcraft name encompasses more than 3,500 products including office supplies, janitorial equipment, uniforms, and hospital supplies.[26] Skilcraft also provides services, such as call centers, on a contract basis to government agencies.[26]

Employing the blind

Nearly 70% of blind individuals in the United States who are of working age are unemployed.[26] Being able to work allows the blind to be both self supporting and able to support others.[8] The Skilcraft trade helps employ more than 5,000 blind Americans working for local agencies in 44 states.[27] Affiliates who make the Skilcraft brand, such as Lighthouse for the Blind are able to pay their employees between $8 and $12 an hour, provide health insurance and 401(k) options.[28]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Corning 1991, p. 30.
  2. ^ "Blind Craftsmen Producing Mops for Commissaries". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 11 February 1959. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ a b Corning 1991, p. 9.
  4. ^ Corning 1991, p. 10.
  5. ^ Surrago 2013, p. 10-11.
  6. ^ "History". National Industries for the Blind. Retrieved 2017-03-23. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  7. ^ Hennessy, Helen (14 March 1969). "Award to Blind Marks Their Success in Jobs". Irving Daily News. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Agency Assists Blind to Become Self-Supporting". 28 February 1969. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  9. ^ Surrago 2013, p. 127.
  10. ^ Surrago 2013, p. 15.
  11. ^ a b Lewis, Dan (June 2014). "The Pen Made for the White House". Reader's Digest. 183 (1100): 140.
  12. ^ a b Koestler 2004, p. 250.
  13. ^ Cunniff, John (31 July 1969). "'Skilcraft' Up In Popularity". The Indiana Gazette. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ Coleman, Milton (7 November 1970). "Blind Black Workers Strike at N.C. Skilcraft". The Pittsburgh Courier. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ a b c Corning 1991, p. 11.
  16. ^ a b Koestler 2004, p. 255.
  17. ^ Corning 1991, p. 1-2.
  18. ^ Hanye, Robert (December 1998). "Employment Update: The Missing Link: Real Work Experiences for People Who Are Visually Impaired". Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 92 (12): 844–847 – via EBSCOhost. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b Barrett, Rick (22 January 2015). "Visually impaired workers drive home a point with Snap-on". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 2017-03-23. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  20. ^ Corning 1991, p. 27.
  21. ^ Surrago 2013, p. 12.
  22. ^ a b Mui, Ylan Q. (April 17, 2010). "Low-tech Skilcraft Pens Endure in a High-tech World". Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ Surrago 2013, p. 22-23.
  24. ^ "Blind Workers Earn Record Wages In '69". The Herald. 29 November 1969. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  25. ^ Corning 1991, p. 29.
  26. ^ a b c "Enhancing Independence for People Who Are Blind". Profiles in Diversity Journal. 15 (6): 14. November 2013 – via EBSCOhost. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Vaughn, Skip (24 April 2013). "Base Supply Center thanks its Redstone customers". The Redstone Rocket. Retrieved 2017-03-23. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  28. ^ Gerlach, Jeremy T. (25 February 2014). "San Antonio Lighthouse for the Blind a top-5 manufacturer in city". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2017-03-23. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

Sources

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