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| <small>[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]</small>
| <small>[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>40th</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>40th</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>[[International dollar|$]]30,951</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>[[International dollar|$]]31,473</small>
|-
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| <small>[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP]]</small>
| <small>[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>103rd</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>103rd</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>[[International dollar|$]]24.609 million</small>
| style="text-align:center;" | <small>[[International dollar|$]]25.683 million</small>
|-
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| <small>[[List of countries by unemployment rate|Unemployment rate]]</small>
| <small>[[List of countries by unemployment rate|Unemployment rate]]</small>

Revision as of 09:47, 6 December 2017

The demographics of Estonia in the twenty-first century result from historical trends over more than a thousand years, as with most European countries, but have been disproportionately influenced by events in the last half of the twentieth century. The rise and fall of the Soviet Union, including the annexation and eventual independence of Estonia, has had a major effect on Estonia's ethnic makeup and educational achievement.

Languages spoken in Estonia largely reflect the ethnic groups composing the country, and thus have changed with historical trends affecting the ethnic makeup of the country. Religion plays a small part in the lives of most Estonians, largely[citation needed] as a result of the Soviet occupation from 1944–1991.

Overall, the quality-of-life indices for Estonia indicate a modern industrial state. The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010.[1] In 2016, immigration exceeded emigration for the first time in 25 years, making the overall population grow.[2]

Demographics of Estonia Estonia
Indicator Rank Measure
Population
Population 151st 1,315,635
Economy
GDP (PPP) per capita 40th $31,473
GDP 103rd $25.683 million
Unemployment rate ↓ 67th 5.9%
CO2 emissions 22nd 11.9 t†
Electricity consumption 97th 7.4 TWh
Economic freedom 13th 75.3
Politics
Human Development Index 30th 0.865
Political freedom 1st (equal)* 1
Press freedom 11th 9.63
Society
Literacy Rate 3rd 99.8%
Broadband uptake 78th 25.7%
Beer consumption 4th[3] 102.4 L†
Health
Life Expectancy 40th 77.6
Birth rate 188th 10.29‡
Fertility rate 183th 1.6††
Infant mortality 27th 4.68‡‡
Death rate 13th 13.69‡
Suicide Rate 38th ♂ 24.9†‡
♀ 3.8†‡
HIV/AIDS rate 130th 1.3%
Notes
Census population and average annual growth rate
YearPop.±%
1881881,455—    
1897958,351+8.7%
19221,107,059+15.5%
19341,126,413+1.7%
19411,017,475−9.7%
19591,196,791+17.6%
19701,356,079+13.3%
19791,464,476+8.0%
19891,565,662+6.9%
20001,370,052−12.5%
20111,329,660−2.9%
20171,315,635−1.1%
Source:[4]

Historical ties

See also: History of Estonia

Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries and Germany stemming from the strong cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Danish, German and Swedish rule and settlement. Nordic identity in Estonia has been evident since the end of Soviet rule. This highly literate society places strong emphasis upon education, which is free and compulsory until age 16.

In the twentieth century, Estonia's ethnic makeup was altered radically by policies implemented by the Soviet government. Large numbers of ethnic Russians were incentivized to move into the non-Russian republics, including Estonia. The population was further altered by Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions while many people simply left as a result of World War II.

Population

Population decline in Estonia
Population of Estonia (1970–2010). Data by Statistics Estonia (2010).[1]
Natural population increase of Estonia from 1945–2008. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[5]
  •   Number of births
  •   Number of deaths
  •   Natural population increase
External migration of Estonia from 2000–2009. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[6]
  •   Number of immigrants
  •   Number of emigrants
  •   Total external migration

    • The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990. After 1990, Estonia lost about 15% of its population (230,000 people). The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970.

    Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants.

    In 2015 the country experienced population growth. The population mainly increased as a result of net immigration of European Union citizens.[9] Citizens of Russia and Ukraine made up the bulk of non-EU immigration.[10] The increase was detected through methodological changes in data collection. Initially a population decrease had been reported.[11]

    Age structure

    Age structure of Estonia from 1970–2010. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[1]
      Age: 0–14
      Age: 15–64
      Age: 65+
    Population pyramid of Estonia (in thousands) from 2009. Data is from January 1, 2009 and taken from Statistics Estonia.[1]

    Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older.[1] Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009. The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009.

    Births and deaths

    From 1947–1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births. The crude birth rate of 2011 was 10.96 (14,679 births) and the crude death rate of 2011 was 11.38 (15,244 deaths), making the rate of natural increase −0.42 (−565).[5] For more detailed historic data, see the table of birth and death rates below.

    Total fertility rate

    Between 1970 and 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) was little over 2 children born per woman.[12] A fast decrease of the TFR occurred after independence. In 1998 the lowest rate was recorded: 1.28 children born per women. The TFR slightly recovered in the subsequent years. The TFR was 1.66 in 2008 and 1.52 in 2011.

    Infant mortality rate

    The infant mortality rate in Estonia has decreased considerably during the past decades. In 1970 the rate was 17.7 per 1,000 live births.[12] The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000. The lowest infant mortality rate was recorded in 2011: 2.6.

    Life expectancy at birth

    Life expectancy in Estonia is lower than in most Western European countries. During the Soviet era life expectancy in males was between 64 and 66 years and in females between 73 and 75 years.[12] After the independence, life expectancy decreased for a number of years. In 1994, the lowest life expectancy was recorded: 60.5 years in males and 72.8 in females. After 1994, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 68.3 years in males and 79.2 in females in 2012.[13]

    Migration

    As the cumulative negative natural growth was about 82,000 during 1991-2010, the remainder of the population decline of Estonia since 1990 (230,000 people in total) was caused by emigration (150,000 people or about 10% of the population of Estonia in 1990). Mainly ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians emigrated. Consequently, the proportion of these ethnic groups decreased as can be seen in the results of the 2000 census (see below). Data from 2000–2009 also shows that the number of emigrants is larger than the number of immigrants, but on a much lower lever than in the 1990s.[6]

    Ethnic groups

    See also: Estonian Swedes, Baltic Germans, Russians in Estonia, Armenians in Estonia, Võros, and Setos

    Today, Estonia is an ethnically fairly diverse country, ranking 97th out of 239 countries and territories in 2001 study by Kok Kheng Yeoh.[14] In 2008, thirteen of Estonia's fifteen counties were over 80% ethnic Estonian. The counties with the highest percentage Estonians are Hiiu County (98.4%) and Saare County (98.3%). However, in Harju County (which includes the national capital, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru County, ethnic Estonians make up only 59.6% (55.0% in Tallinn) and 19.7% of the population, respectively. In those two counties, Russians account for 32.4% (36.4% in Tallinn) and 71.2% of the population, respectively. In the nation as a whole, Russians make up 24.8% of the total population.[15]

    After gaining independence following World War I a population census was held in 1922 and 1934. At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia.

    Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru.[16]

    Population of Estonia by ethnic group 1897–2017
    Ethnic
    group     		census 1897[17] census 19221 census 19341 census 19592 census 19703 census 19794 census 19895 census 20006 census 2011[18] statistics 2017[19]
    Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
    Estonians 867,794 90.6 969,976 87.6 992,520 88.1 892,653 74.6 925,157 68.2 947,812 64.7 963,281 61.5 930,219 67.9 902,547 69.7 904,639 68.7
    Russians 37,599 3.9 91,109 8.2 92,656 8.2 240,227 20.1 334,620 24.7 408,778 27.9 474,834 30.3 351,178 25.6 326,235 25.2 330,206 25.1
    Ukrainians 504 0.1 — 92 0.0 15,769 1.3 28,086 2.1 36,044 2.5 48,271 3.1 29,012 2.1 22,573 1.7 23,183 1.7
    Belarusians 272 0.0 — — 10,930 0.9 18,732 1.4 23,461 1.6 27,711 1.8 17,241 1.3 12,579 1.0 11,828 0.8
    Finns 362 0.0 401 0.0 1,088 0.1 16,699 1.4 18,537 1.4 17,753 1.2 16,622 1.1 11,837 0.9 7,589 0.6 7,591 0.5
    Latvians 5,470 0.6 1,966 0.2 5,435 0.5 2,888 0.2 3,286 0.2 3,963 0.3 3,135 0.2 2,330 0.2 1,764 0.1 2,209 0.2
    Jews 3,837 0.4 4,566 0.4 4,434 0.4 5,433 0.5 5,282 0.4 4,954 0.3 4,613 0.3 2,145 0.2 1,973 0.2 1,971 0.2
    Germans 33,362 3.5 18,319 1.7 16,346 1.5 670 0.1 7,850 0.6 3,944 0.3 3,466 0.2 1,870 0.1 1,544 0.1 1,945 0.2
    Tatars 36 0.0 — 166 0.0 1,534 0.1 2,204 0.2 3,195 0.2 4,058 0.3 2,582 0.2 1,993 0.2 1,934 0.2
    Lithuanians 44 0.0 436 0.0 253 0.0 1,616 0.1 2,356 0.2 2,379 0.2 2,568 0.2 2,116 0.2 1,727 0.1 1,881 0.1
    Poles 1,941 0.2 969 0.1 1,608 0.1 2,256 0.2 2,651 0.2 2,897 0.2 3,008 0.2 2,193 0.2 1,664 0.1 1,673 0.1
    Swedes 6,083 0.6 7,850 0.7 7,641 0.7 — 435 0.0 254 0.0 297 0.0 300 0.0 380 0.0 —
    Other/Unknown 1,047 0.1 11,467 1.0 4,266 0.4 6,116 0.5 6,883 0.5 9,042 0.6 13,798 0.9 19,174 1.4 11,887 0.9 26,575 2.0
    Total 958,351 1,107,059 1,126,413 1,196,791 1,356,079 1,464,476 1,565,662 1,370,052 1,294,455 1,315,635
    Share of ethnic Estonians by Estonian locality

    As a result of the aforementioned Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934.[20] But in the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians, as well as ethnic groups of other former Soviet countries, and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61.5% in 1989 to 68.7% in 2008. In the same period the proportion of ethnic Russians decreased from 30.0% to 25.6%, the proportion of ethnic Ukrainians decreased from 3.1% to 2.1%, and the proportion of ethnic Belarusians decreased from 1.8% to 1.2%.[15][20]

    Citizenship of the population of Estonia in 2010. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[21]
      Estonian: 1,148,895
      Russian: 95,939
      Others: 21,517
      Undetermined: 99,173

    As of 2008, the largest ethnic groups in Estonia are Estonians (68.7%), Russians (25.6%), Ukrainians (2.1%), Belarusians (1.2%), and Finns (0.8%). These five groups made up 98.4% of Estonia's population.[15]

    Languages

    Total knowledge (native + foreign) of different languages in Estonia, by age group, 2011

    Many languages are spoken in Estonia, including Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, German and others. According to the census of 2000, 109 languages were spoken natively in Estonia. By 2011, the number of languages spoken natively had increased to 157, mainly due to new immigrants. However, most of these languages were used only between relatives or compatriots, while only 30 languages were spoken on a daily basis in families.[22]

    Estonian and Finnish are closely related, belonging to the same Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. Nevertheless, the two languages are not mutually intelligible, although educated native speakers can read the other language with a greater or lesser degree of understanding. Estonian and Finnish are only distantly related to the Hungarian language.

    Written with the Latin script, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. One-third of the standard vocabulary is derived from adding suffixes to root words. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th century chronicles. During the Soviet era, the Russian language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use.

    Population of Estonia by first language
    Language 2000 census[23] 2011 census[18]
    Number % Number %
    Estonian 921,817 67.28 887,216 68.54
    Russian 406,755 29.69 383,118 29.60
    Ukrainian 12,299 0.90 8,016 0.62
    Finnish 4,932 0.36 2,621 0.20
    Belarusian 5,197 0.38 1,664 0.13
    Latvian 1,389 0.10 999 0.08
    Lithuanian 1,198 0.09 905 0.07
    English 248 0.02 878 0.07
    Tatar 1,251 0.09 806 0.06
    Armenian 719 0.05 717 0.06
    Azerbaijani 592 0.04 656 0.05
    German 557 0.04 522 0.04
    Polish 674 0.05 435 0.03
    Other 3,235 0.24 2,891 0.22
    Unknown 9,189 0.67 1,723 0.13
    Total 1,370,052 1,294,455
    Population of Estonia by second language
    Language 2000 census[23] 2011 census[18]
    Number % Number %
    Russian 578,004 42.1 545,537 41.5
    English 345,854 25.2 495,420 37.8
    Finnish 138,354 10 167,315 12.7
    German 140,004 10.2 130,191 10.0
    French 9,912 0.7 18,677 1.4
    Swedish 9,345 0.6 13,990 1.1

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in Estonia

    Religion in Estonia (2011)[24][25]

      Eastern Orthodoxy (16.15%)
      Lutheranism (9.91%)
      Other religions (3.25%)
      Undeclared (16.55%)
      Non-religious (54.14%)
    Religious people in Estonia
    Biggest religion in Estonia

    According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,[26] 18% of Estonian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". This, according to the survey, would have made Estonians the most non-religious people in the then 25-member European Union. A survey conducted in 2006–2008 by Gallup showed that 14% of Estonians answered positively to the question: "Is religion an important part of your daily life?", which was the lowest among 143 countries polled.[27]

    Less than a third of the population define themselves as believers; of those, the majority are Lutheran, whereas the Russian minority is Eastern Orthodox. Ancient equinoctial traditions (like St John's Day) are held in high regard.

    In 2000, according to the census, 29.2% of the population considered themselves to be related to any religion, thereof:[28]

    There are also a number of smaller Protestant, Jewish, and Buddhist groups. The organisation Maavalla Koda (Taaraism) unites adherents of animist traditional religions.[29][30] The Russian neopagan organisation "Vene Rahvausu Kogudus Eestis" is registered in Tartu.[31]

    Vital statistics

    Vital statistics for the Governorate of Estonia

    [32] The Governorate of Estonia comprised the northern part of present-day Estonia. The southern part was part of the Governorate of Livonia.

    Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
    1900 428 12 487 8 227 4 260 29.2 19.2 10.0
    1901 430 12 703 8 428 4 275 29.5 19.6 9.9
    1902 434 13 101 7 724 5 377 30.2 17.8 12.4
    1903 440 12 704 8 004 4 700 28.9 18.2 10.7
    1904 446 12 753 8 279 4 474 28.6 18.6 10.0
    1905 449 11 991 9 694 2 297 26.7 21.6 5.1
    1906 452 12 417 8 842 3 575 27.4 19.5 7.9
    1907 455 12 304 8 730 3 574 27.0 19.2 7.9
    1908 459 11 861 8 495 3 366 25.8 18.5 7.3
    1909 464 11 970 8 297 3 673 25.8 17.9 7.9
    1910 466 12 193 8 204 3 989 26.2 17.6 8.6
    1911 472 11 749 8 976 2 773 24.9 19.0 5.9
    1912 480 11 900 8 431 3 469 24.8 17.6 7.2
    1913 491 11 653 9 089 2 564 23.7 18.5 5.2
    1914 506 11 854 9 212 2 642 23.4 18.2 5.2

    Present Estonia

    Source: Statistics Estonia[1][12]
    Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate
    1914 1,197 26,865 20,882 5,983 22.4 17.4 5.0
    1915 1,188 24,680 21,841 2,839 20.8 18.4 2.4
    1916 1,154 21,282 25,429 −4,147 18.4 22.0 −3.6
    1917 1,120 18,333 27,336 −9,003 16.4 24.4 −8.0
    1918 1,086 21,659 32,488 −10,829 19.9 29.9 −10.0
    1919 1,064 18,456 28,800 −10,344 17.3 27.1 −9.7
    1920 1,068 19,625 21,363 −1,738 18.4 20.0 −1.6
    1921 1,087 22,067 17,143 4,924 20.3 15.8 4.5
    1922 1,102 22,255 18,401 3,854 20.2 16.7 3.5
    1923 1,111 22,347 16,630 5,717 20.1 15.0 5.1
    1924 1,116 21,441 16,918 4,523 19.2 15.2 4.1 99.9
    1925 1,117 20,445 16,680 3,765 18.3 14.9 3.4 95.7
    1926 1,117 19,977 18,047 1,900 17.9 16.2 1.7 101.8
    1927 1,116 19,705 19,356 500 17.7 17.3 0.4 114.6
    1928 1,116 20,064 17,785 2,279 18.0 15.9 2.0 103.6
    1929 1,116 19,110 20,178 −1,068 17.1 18.1 −1.0 110.5
    1930 1,116 19,471 16,610 2,861 17.4 14.9 2.6 100.1
    1931 1,118 19,509 18,077 1,432 17.4 16.2 1.3 102.8
    1932 1,122 19,742 16,641 3,101 17.6 14.8 2.8 96.8
    1933 1,124 18,208 16,472 1,736 16.2 14.7 1.5 94.0
    1934 1,126 17,305 15,853 1,452 15.4 14.1 1.3 91.1
    1935 1,129 17,891 16,864 1,027 15.8 14.9 0.9 89.3
    1936 1,130 18,222 17,594 628 16.1 15.6 0.6 89.2
    1937 1,131 18,190 16,614 1,576 16.1 14.7 1.4 90.7
    1938 1,133 18,453 16,496 1,957 16.3 14.6 1.7 77.5
    1939 1,128 18,475 17,101 1,374 16.4 15.2 1.2 78.8
    1940 1,096 18,407 19,024 −617 16.8 17.4 −0.6 83.7
    1941 1,044 19,574 23,702 −4,128 18.8 22.7 −4.0
    1942 1,017 19,242 20,276 −1,034 18.9 19.9 −1.0 91.8
    1943 1,006 16,001 18,120 −2,119 15.9 18.0 −2.1
    1944 990 15,180 24,700 −9,520 15.3 24.9 −9.6
    1945 879 14,968 20,708 −5,740 17.0 23.6 −6.5 124.8
    1946 928 19,408 19,969 −561 20.9 21.5 −0.6 96.8
    1947 977 22,721 21,492 1,229 23.3 22.0 1.3 121.4
    1948 1,026 21,777 17,549 4,228 21.2 17.1 4.1 84.2
    1949 1,074 21,770 16,730 5,040 20.3 15.6 4.7 82.4
    1950 1,101 20,279 15,817 4,462 18.4 14.4 4.1 81.2
    1951 1,114 20,730 15,354 5,376 18.6 13.7 4.8 76.2
    1952 1,126 21,111 15,817 5,294 18.7 14.0 4.7 64.9
    1953 1,138 20,146 14,420 5,726 17.7 12.7 5.0 52.2
    1954 1,149 20,909 13,981 6,928 18.2 12.2 6.0 49.5
    1955 1,160 20,786 13,638 7,148 17.9 11.8 6.2 51.6
    1956 1,171 19,660 12,748 6,912 16.8 10.9 5.9 41.2
    1957 1,181 19,509 13,026 6,483 16.5 11.0 5.5 40.1
    1958 1,192 19,598 12,971 6,627 16.4 10.9 5.6 39.9
    1959 1,203 19,938 13,130 6,808 16.5 10.9 5.7 1.95 31.7
    1960 1,216 20,187 12,738 7,449 16.6 10.5 6.1 1.98 31.1
    1961 1,229 20,230 13,036 7,194 16.5 10.6 5.9 1.97 28.0
    1962 1,243 19,959 13,495 6,464 16.1 10.9 5.2 1.95 25.2
    1963 1,258 19,275 13,251 6,024 15.3 10.5 4.8 1.91 26.0
    1964 1,276 19,629 12,754 6,875 15.4 10.0 5.4 1.94 25.4
    1965 1,291 18,909 13,520 5,389 14.6 10.5 4.2 1.90 20.3
    1966 1,303 18,629 13,800 4,829 14.3 10.6 3.7 1.85 20.0
    1967 1,314 18,671 13,699 4,972 14.2 10.4 3.8 1.86 19.2
    1968 1,327 19,782 14,225 5,557 14.9 10.7 4.2 2.03 18.0
    1969 1,345 20,781 15,150 5,631 15.5 11.3 4.2 2.11 16.7
    1970 1,360 21,552 15,186 6,366 15.8 11.2 4.7 2.16 17.7
    1971 1,377 22,118 15,038 7,080 16.1 10.9 5.1 2.19 17.5
    1972 1,393 21,757 15,520 6,237 15.6 11.1 4.5 2.14 15.9
    1973 1,406 21,239 15,573 5,666 15.1 11.1 4.0 2.07 15.9
    1974 1,418 21,461 15,393 6,068 15.1 10.9 4.3 2.07 17.6
    1975 1,429 21,360 16,572 4,788 14.9 11.6 3.4 2.04 18.2
    1976 1,440 21,801 17,351 4,450 15.1 12.0 3.1 2.06 17.5
    1977 1,450 21,977 17,094 4,883 15.2 11.8 3.4 2.06 17.5
    1978 1,460 21,842 17,812 4,030 15.0 12.2 2.8 2.02 16.5
    1979 1,468 21,879 18,062 3,817 14.9 12.3 2.6 2.01 18.3
    1980 1,477 22,204 18,199 4,005 15.0 12.3 2.7 2.02 17.1
    1981 1,488 22,937 18,349 4,588 15.4 12.3 3.1 2.07 17.0
    1982 1,498 23,128 17,893 5,235 15.4 11.9 3.5 2.08 17.2
    1983 1,509 24,155 18,190 5,965 16.0 12.1 4.0 2.16 16.1
    1984 1,519 24,234 19,086 5,148 16.0 12.6 3.4 2.17 13.6
    1985 1,529 23,630 19,343 4,287 15.5 12.7 2.8 2.12 14.1
    1986 1,540 24,106 17,986 6,120 15.7 11.7 4.0 2.17 15.9
    1987 1,552 25,086 18,279 6,807 16.2 11.8 4.4 2.26 16.0
    1988 1,562 25,060 18,551 6,509 16.0 11.9 4.2 2.26 12.4
    1989 1,568 24,318 18,536 5,762 15.5 11.8 3.7 2.22 14.8
    1990 1,569 22,304 19,531 2,778 14.2 12.4 1.8 2.05 12.3
    1991 1,561 19,413 19,715 −302 12.4 12.6 −0.2 1.80 13.3
    1992 1,533 18,038 20,126 −2,088 11.8 13.1 −1.4 1.71 15.7
    1993 1,494 15,253 21,286 −6,033 10.2 14.2 −4.0 1.49 15.6
    1994 1,463 14,176 22,212 −8,036 9.7 15.2 −5.5 1.42 14.4
    1995 1,437 13,509 20,828 −7,319 9.4 14.5 −5.1 1.38 14.9
    1996 1,416 13,242 19,020 −5,778 9.4 13.4 −4.1 1.37 10.5
    1997 1,400 12,577 18,572 −5,995 9.0 13.3 −4.3 1.32 10.0
    1998 1,386 12,167 19,445 −7,278 8.8 14.0 −5.3 1.28 9.4
    1999 1,376 12,425 18,447 −6,022 9.0 13.4 −4.4 1.32 9.6
    20001 1,397 13,067 18,403 −5,336 9.4 13.2 −3.8 1.35 8.4
    2001 1,388 12,632 18,516 −5,884 9.1 13.2 −4.2 1.31 8.8
    2002 1,379 13,001 18,355 −5,354 9.4 13.3 −3.9 1.36 5.7
    2003 1,371 13,036 18,152 −5,116 9.5 13.2 −3.7 1.36 7.0
    2004 1,363 13,992 17,685 −3,693 10.3 13.0 −2.7 1.47 6.4
    2005 1,355 14,350 17,316 −2,966 10.6 12.8 −2.2 1.52 5.4
    2006 1,347 14,877 17,316 −2,439 11.0 12.9 −1.8 1.58 4.4
    2007 1,341 15,775 17,409 −1,634 11.8 13.0 −1.2 1.69 5.0
    2008 1,337 16,028 16,675 −647 12.0 12.5 −0.5 1.72 5.0
    2009 1,335 15,763 16,081 −318 11.8 12.1 −0.2 1.70 3.6
    2010 1,332 15,825 15,790 35 11.9 11.9 0.0 1.72 3.3
    2011 1,327 14,679 15,244 −565 11.0 11.4 −0.4 1.61 2.5
    2012 1,323 14,056 15,450 −1,394 10.6 11.7 −1.1 1.56 3.6
    2013 1,318 13,531 15,244 −1,713 10.3 11.6 −1.3 1.52 2.1
    2014 1,314 13,551 15,484 −1,933 10.3 11.8 −1.5 1.54 2.7
    2015 1,314 13,907 15,243 −1,336 10.6 11.6 −1.0 1.58 2.5
    2016 1,316 14,053 15,392 −1,339 10.7 11.7 −1.0 1.60

    1 Population figures from 2000 on were revised based on the 2011 Estonian census and various registers.[33]

    Current natural increase

    [34]

    • Number of births for January–October 2016 = Increase 11,892
    • Number of births for January–October 2017 = Decrease 11,454
    • Number of deaths for January–October 2016 = Negative increase 12,571
    • Number of deaths for January–October 2017 = Negative increase 12,862
    • Natural growth for January–October 2016 = Decrease -679
    • Natural growth for January–October 2017 = Decrease -1,408

    See also

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Estonia.

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e f "Population by sex and age group, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
    2. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
    3. ^ Heath, Michael. "Aussie Beer Drinking Market Goes Flat, Slumping to 65-Year Low". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
    4. ^ "PHC2011 - History of Population Censuses in Estonia". www.stat.ee.
    5. ^ a b "Births, deaths and natural increase". Statistics Estonia. 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
    6. ^ a b "Migration by administrative unit/type of settlement, sex and type of migration". Statistics Estonia. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
    7. ^ "1,294,455 permanent residents enumerated in the census". 12 December 2012. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
    8. ^ "General information". Update 10 January 2008. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
    9. ^ "The population increase was influenced by external migration". 4 May 2016. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
    10. ^ "Immigration exceeds emigration in Estonia for first time since reindependence". ERR. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
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    12. ^ a b c d "Main demographic indicators". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    13. ^ "Estonia Life expectancy at birth". Index Mundi. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    14. ^ "TOWARDS AN INDEX OF ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION" (PDF). University of Malaya. 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
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    16. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 6. 1971.
    17. ^ "Demoscope Weekly - Annex. Statistical indicators reference". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    18. ^ a b c "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue and command of foreign languages. Dialects". pub.stat.ee.
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    20. ^ a b "Eesti rahvastik rahvaloenduste andmetel (Population of Estonia by population censuses)" (PDF) (in Estonian and English). 2. Eesti Statistikaamet (Statistical Office of Estonia). 1996. ISBN 9985-826-44-2. Retrieved 2009-10-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    21. ^ "Citizenship". Estonia.eu. 2010-07-02. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
    22. ^ Mart Rannut. "Keeleaasta 2012." Sirp, 1-25-2013. Template:Et icon
    23. ^ a b "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue. Command of foreign languages". pub.stat.ee.
    24. ^ "PC0454: AT LEAST 15-YEAR-OLD PERSONS BY RELIGION, SEX, AGE GROUP, ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND COUNTY, 31 DECEMBER 2011". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
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    26. ^ Biotechnology report 2010 Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine p.383
    27. ^ Crabtree, Steve; Pelham, Brett (February 9, 2009). "What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common". Gallup. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
    28. ^ "Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation". Statistics Estonia. 22 October 2002. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
    29. ^ Ahto Kaasik. "Old estonian religions". Maavalla Koda. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    30. ^ Barry, Ellen (2008-11-09). "Some Estonians return to pre-Christian animist traditions". The New York Times.
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    32. ^ "Статистический ежегодник Российской Империи (Издание ЦСК ) - Проект «Исторические Материалы»". Istmat.info. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    33. ^ "Statistics Estonia revised the population figures for the years 2000–2013 - Statistics Estonia". Stat.ee. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    34. ^ "Vital Events". Statistical Database: Population. Statistics of Estonia. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
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