Gustave Lambert: Difference between revisions
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'''Gustave Lambert''' (1 July 1824 – 27 January 1871) was a French hydrographer and navigator. |
'''Gustave Lambert''' (1 July 1824 – 27 January 1871) was a French hydrographer and navigator. |
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After teaching hydrography for 20 years he went on a voyage into Arctic seas, where he conceived the idea of an expedition to the [[North Pole]]. |
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The plans had been made and funding acquired when the project was disrupted by the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870. |
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==Early years== |
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Gustave Lambert was born in [[Grièges]], Ain, on 1 July |
Gustave Lambert was born in [[Grièges]], Ain, on 1 July 1824, son of a notary from Paris.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=202}} |
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His father, Jean-Francois Lambert, left Grieges for [[Priay]], Ain around 1825, and in 1835 became a manufacturer of sugar. |
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He became a hydrographer and navigator. |
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Later he manufactured candles. His businesses were not successful, and in 1840 he retired to Lyon.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|pp=202–203 fn}} |
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Gustave Lambert attended the Collège de Bourg, where he is recorded as a pupil of elementary mathematics in 1842.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=202}} |
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He was admitted to the [[École Polytechnique]] in 1843.{{sfn|Massimy|1924|p=63}} |
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Gustave Lambert died in Buzenval, Paris, on 19 January 1871.{{sfn|Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) – BnF}} |
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Due to problems with discipline, he was expelled from the Polytechnique on 23 April 1845.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=204}} |
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==Teacher== |
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Lambert joined the navy, and became a teacher 4th class of hydrography at Belle-Isle on 21 November 1846.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=208}} |
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He first went to sea around 1847.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=206}} |
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On 8 November 1847 he transferred to teach at [[Fécamp]].{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=208}} |
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He was in Paris during the [[February Revolution]] of 1848, which he opposed.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=207}} |
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On 10 October 1848 he was named a teacher at the [[École Navale]] in [[Brest, France|Brest]].{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=208}} |
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At the École Navale he taught [[Differential calculus|differential]] and [[integral]] calculus.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=207}} |
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On 1 October 1851 he was promoted to teacher 3rd class, and on 3 July 1852 to teacher 2nd class. |
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On 13 September 1856 he moved from the chair of hydrography at [[Cherbourg]] to that of [[Bayonne]].{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=208}} |
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He taught hydrography at Bayonne until 1 January 1865, when he was laid off.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=210}} |
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==Sailor== |
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Soon after losing his job in 1865 he went to sea as a simple passenger on a French whaling ship bound for the arctic seas. |
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During the voyage the captain died and Lambert took command.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=211}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
He was in charge of rough and poorly disciplined seamen in difficult and poorly charted waters, but found time to compose a paper in ''Lois de l'insolation'' (''Laws of [[solar irradiance]]'') which was communicated in abbreviated form to the Academy of Sciences on 28 January 1867.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=211}} |
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He noted that while sea temperature was relatively stable in the tropics, it fluctuated much more widely towards the poles. |
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He also observed that [[iceberg]]s were born on land and died in the ocean, while ice fields were formed and dissolved at sea.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=212}} |
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==Polar expedition plan== |
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It was around this time that he began to think about an expedition to the North Pole.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=212}} |
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He outlined his plan later: |
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{{quote|One would have to leave in the winter, and reach the Pacific Ocean by way of Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope, cross the ocean from south to north, pass the Bering Straits, reach the [[Polynya]], open water found recently by the navigators Herold and Plower.{{efn|Herold et Plower.: The British naval vessels ''Herald'' and ''Plover'' had spent time in the Bering Strait and along the Arctic shore of Alaska for several years after 1848. Ostensibly they were searching for survivors of the [[Franklin's lost expedition]], but the Russians suspected the British had geopolitical motives.{{sfn|Black|2004|p=262}} }} One would have to get there for several days to follow the path of Wrangel{{efn|Wrangel: Ferdinand Petrovich baron Wrangel, author of ''Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea: In the Years 1820, 1821, 1822 & 1823''. |
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He noted that in the Arctic ocean between continental Asia and the [[New Siberian Islands]] there was a narrow strip of open water between the shore and the ice in summer, and the main body of ice was broken into fields and floes, with lanes of open water between them, which remain until the first frost of autumn.{{sfn|Wrangel|1861|p=v}} }} and then reach the pole. One would have to spend the winter with the Eskimos, in ice huts, and when summer returned move on and eventually return to France after several years of absence.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=212}}}} |
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The expedition would have to include about 15 sailors and scientists.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=212}} |
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On 20 December 1867 Lambert spoke at the [[Société de géographie]] of Paris and described his plans for a proposed polar voyage and the research he wanted to undertake.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=206}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Death and legacy== |
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During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] on 1870, in November 1870 Lambert was a Colonel [[Brevet d'état-major|d'état-major]] in the National Guard. |
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He resigned his position and became a simple soldier in the 119th infantry, with whom he was serving when he was mortally wounded in the Buzenval Park.{{sfn|Massimy|1924|p=64}} |
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At the time of his death on 19 January 1871 it was already clear that capitulation was inevitable.{{sfn|Dublet|1919–1921|p=200}} |
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A monument was erected to Lambert in the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in January 1924.{{sfn|Massimy|1924|p=62}} |
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==Publications== |
==Publications== |
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*{{citation|title=L'Expédition au Pôle Nord, par Gustave Lambert, chef de l'expédition. Assemblée générale du 20 décembre 1867 |
*{{citation|title=L'Expédition au Pôle Nord, par Gustave Lambert, chef de l'expédition. Assemblée générale du 20 décembre 1867 |
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|pages=134 |journal=Bulletin de la Société de géographie |location=Paris|publisher=Société de géographie |
|pages=134 |journal=Bulletin de la Société de géographie |location=Paris|publisher=Société de géographie |
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|year=1868 |author=Gustave Lambert}} |
|year=1868 |author=Gustave Lambert |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IR-Sex-eE6QC&printsec=frontcover}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{citation |
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|last=Black|first=Lydia|title=Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSRxrDm0JYYC&pg=PA262 |
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|accessdate=2017-12-17|year=2004|publisher=University of Alaska Press|isbn=978-1-889963-04-4}} |
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*{{citation|title=Gustave LAMBERT : Son project de voyage au pôle : Sa mort |
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|last=Dublet|first=E.|journal=Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain Auteur |publisher=Société d'émulation (Ain)|year=1919–1921 |
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|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5732009v/f206.image.r=lachaise.langFR|accessdate=2017-12-17}} |
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*{{citation|language=fr|ref={{harvid|Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) – BnF}} |
*{{citation|language=fr|ref={{harvid|Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) – BnF}} |
||
|title=Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) |publisher=BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France |
|title=Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) |publisher=BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France |
||
|url=http://data.bnf.fr/10722195/gustave_lambert/|accessdate=2017-12-16}} |
|url=http://data.bnf.fr/10722195/gustave_lambert/|accessdate=2017-12-16}} |
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*{{citation|title=Discours de M. le General Messimy, Senateur de l'Ain, a l'inauguration de Monument funeraire de Gustave LAMBERT as Cimetiere du Pare-Lachaise |
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|last=Massimy|date=19 January 1924 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5455689q/f62.image.r=lachaise.langFR |
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|journal=Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain|accessdate=2017-12-17}} |
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*{{citation |
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|last=Wrangel|first=Ferdinand Petrovich baron|title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, & 1823 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQwyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR5|accessdate=2017-12-17|year=1861|publisher=Harper and brothers|chapter=Preface}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{authority control}} |
{{authority control}} |
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Revision as of 13:49, 17 December 2017
Gustave Lambert | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Marie Joseph Gustave Adolphe Lambert 1 July 1824 Grièges, Ain, France |
| Died | 27 January 1871 (aged 46) Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Hydrographer and navigator |
Gustave Lambert (1 July 1824 – 27 January 1871) was a French hydrographer and navigator. After teaching hydrography for 20 years he went on a voyage into Arctic seas, where he conceived the idea of an expedition to the North Pole. The plans had been made and funding acquired when the project was disrupted by the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Lambert enlisted in the National Guard, and died of wounds received at the Battle of Buzenval (1871).
Early years
Gustave Lambert was born in Grièges, Ain, on 1 July 1824, son of a notary from Paris.[1] His father, Jean-Francois Lambert, left Grieges for Priay, Ain around 1825, and in 1835 became a manufacturer of sugar. Later he manufactured candles. His businesses were not successful, and in 1840 he retired to Lyon.[2] Gustave Lambert attended the Collège de Bourg, where he is recorded as a pupil of elementary mathematics in 1842.[1] He was admitted to the École Polytechnique in 1843.[3] Due to problems with discipline, he was expelled from the Polytechnique on 23 April 1845.[4]
Teacher
Lambert joined the navy, and became a teacher 4th class of hydrography at Belle-Isle on 21 November 1846.[5] He first went to sea around 1847.[6] On 8 November 1847 he transferred to teach at Fécamp.[5] He was in Paris during the February Revolution of 1848, which he opposed.[7] On 10 October 1848 he was named a teacher at the École Navale in Brest.[5] At the École Navale he taught differential and integral calculus.[7] On 1 October 1851 he was promoted to teacher 3rd class, and on 3 July 1852 to teacher 2nd class. On 13 September 1856 he moved from the chair of hydrography at Cherbourg to that of Bayonne.[5] He taught hydrography at Bayonne until 1 January 1865, when he was laid off.[8]
Sailor
Soon after losing his job in 1865 he went to sea as a simple passenger on a French whaling ship bound for the arctic seas. During the voyage the captain died and Lambert took command.[9] He explored the north of the Bering Strait in 1865.[10] He was in charge of rough and poorly disciplined seamen in difficult and poorly charted waters, but found time to compose a paper in Lois de l'insolation (Laws of solar irradiance) which was communicated in abbreviated form to the Academy of Sciences on 28 January 1867.[9] He noted that while sea temperature was relatively stable in the tropics, it fluctuated much more widely towards the poles. He also observed that icebergs were born on land and died in the ocean, while ice fields were formed and dissolved at sea.[11]
Polar expedition plan
It was around this time that he began to think about an expedition to the North Pole.[11] He outlined his plan later:
One would have to leave in the winter, and reach the Pacific Ocean by way of Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope, cross the ocean from south to north, pass the Bering Straits, reach the Polynya, open water found recently by the navigators Herold and Plower.[a] One would have to get there for several days to follow the path of Wrangel[b] and then reach the pole. One would have to spend the winter with the Eskimos, in ice huts, and when summer returned move on and eventually return to France after several years of absence.[11]
The expedition would have to include about 15 sailors and scientists.[11]
On 20 December 1867 Lambert spoke at the Société de géographie of Paris and described his plans for a proposed polar voyage and the research he wanted to undertake.[6] In 1869 he was head of a proposed expedition to the North Pole.[10]
Death and legacy
During the Franco-Prussian War on 1870, in November 1870 Lambert was a Colonel d'état-major in the National Guard. He resigned his position and became a simple soldier in the 119th infantry, with whom he was serving when he was mortally wounded in the Buzenval Park.[14] At the time of his death on 19 January 1871 it was already clear that capitulation was inevitable.[15] A monument was erected to Lambert in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in January 1924.[16]
Publications
Publications by Gustave Lambert include:[10]
- Gustave Lambert (1866), "Projet de voyage au Pôle Nord, note lue à la Société de géographie, dans sa séance... du 14 décembre 1866, par Gustave Lambert,...", Bulletin de la Société de géographie, Paris: impr. de E. Martinet: 15
- Gustave Lambert (1867), "La Question du Pôle Nord, lettres adressées à M. Jules Duval, vice-président de la Société de géographie, directeur de l'"Économiste français"", l'Économiste français, Paris: A. Bertrand: 48
- Gustave Lambert (1868), "L'Expédition au Pôle Nord, par Gustave Lambert, chef de l'expédition. Assemblée générale du 20 décembre 1867", Bulletin de la Société de géographie, Paris: Société de géographie: 134
Notes
- ^ Herold et Plower.: The British naval vessels Herald and Plover had spent time in the Bering Strait and along the Arctic shore of Alaska for several years after 1848. Ostensibly they were searching for survivors of the Franklin's lost expedition, but the Russians suspected the British had geopolitical motives.[12]
- ^ Wrangel: Ferdinand Petrovich baron Wrangel, author of Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea: In the Years 1820, 1821, 1822 & 1823. He noted that in the Arctic ocean between continental Asia and the New Siberian Islands there was a narrow strip of open water between the shore and the ice in summer, and the main body of ice was broken into fields and floes, with lanes of open water between them, which remain until the first frost of autumn.[13]
- ^ a b Dublet 1919–1921, p. 202.
- ^ Dublet 1919–1921, pp. 202–203 fn.
- ^ Massimy 1924, p. 63.
- ^ Dublet 1919–1921, p. 204.
- ^ a b c d Dublet 1919–1921, p. 208.
- ^ a b Dublet 1919–1921, p. 206.
- ^ a b Dublet 1919–1921, p. 207.
- ^ Dublet 1919–1921, p. 210.
- ^ a b Dublet 1919–1921, p. 211.
- ^ a b c Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) – BnF.
- ^ a b c d Dublet 1919–1921, p. 212.
- ^ Black 2004, p. 262.
- ^ Wrangel 1861, p. v.
- ^ Massimy 1924, p. 64.
- ^ Dublet 1919–1921, p. 200.
- ^ Massimy 1924, p. 62.
Sources
- Black, Lydia (2004), Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867, University of Alaska Press, ISBN 978-1-889963-04-4, retrieved 2017-12-17
- Dublet, E. (1919–1921), "Gustave LAMBERT : Son project de voyage au pôle : Sa mort", Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain Auteur, Société d'émulation (Ain), retrieved 2017-12-17
- Gustave Lambert (1814-1871) (in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France, retrieved 2017-12-16
- Massimy (19 January 1924), "Discours de M. le General Messimy, Senateur de l'Ain, a l'inauguration de Monument funeraire de Gustave LAMBERT as Cimetiere du Pare-Lachaise", Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain, retrieved 2017-12-17
- Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich baron (1861), "Preface", Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, & 1823, Harper and brothers, retrieved 2017-12-17
