Diffusion equation

The diffusion equation is a partial differential equation, which describes the density fluctuations in a material undergoing diffusion. It is also used to describe processes exhibiting diffusive-like behaviour, for instance the 'diffusion' of alleles in a population in population genetics.

The equation is usually written as:

${\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot D(\phi )\nabla \phi ({\vec {r}},t)$,

where $\phi$ is the density of the diffusing material, $t$ is time, $D$ is the collective diffusion coefficient, ${\vec {r}}$ is the spatial coordinate and the nabla symbol ∇ represents the vector differential operator del. If the diffusion coefficient depends on the density then the equation is nonlinear; if D is a constant, however, then the equation reduces to the following linear equation:

${\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}=D\nabla ^{2}\phi ({\vec {r}},t)$,

also called the heat equation.

Derivation

The diffusion equation can be derived in a straightforward way from the continuity equation, which states that a change in density in any part of the system is due to inflow and outflow of material into and out of that part of the system. Effectively, no material is created or destroyed:

${\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot {\vec {j}}=0$,

where ${\vec {j}}$ is the flux of the diffusing material. The diffusion equation can be obtained easily from this when combined with the phenomenological Fick's first law, which assumes that the flux of the diffusing material in any part of the system is proportional to the local density gradient:

${\vec {j}}=-D(\phi )\nabla \phi ({\vec {r}},t)$.

See also

• Diffusion
• Heat equation
• Fick's Second Law