Haplogroup J-M172

Haplogroup J-M172
Possible time of origin	15000-22000 ybp(TMRCA 19-24000ybp)
Possible place of origin	Western Asia
Ancestor	J-P209
Defining mutations	M172
Highest frequencies	Ingush 88.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21% (Wells 2001)-72%, Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48% (Wells 2001), Iraqis 24%(Al-Zahery 2011)-25% Al-Zahery 2003 and Sanchez 2005, Uyghurs 34% (Shou 2010), Yaghnobis 32% (Wells 2001), Uzbeks 30.4% (Shou 2010), Greeks 10%-48%(Martinez 2007), Muslim Kurds 28.4%(Nebel 2001), Lebanese 30% (Semino 2004) (Wells 2001), Ashkenazi Jews 24%(Nebel 2001)-29% (Semino 2004), Turks 24% (Cinnioglu 2004)-40% (Semino 2000), Hazara 26.6% (Haber et al, 2012), Kuwaiti 26% (Qassemi 2009) and (Wells 2001), Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009)-37% (Capelli 2005), Abkhaz 25% (Nasidze 2004), Iranians 22.5%(Grugni 2012)-24%, Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Italians 9%-36%(Capelli 2007) and (Semino 2000), Armenians 21%(Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Mordvins 15.3%, Kazan Tatars 15.1%, Chuvash 14%, Sephardi Jews 15% (Shen 2004)-29% (Nebel 2001), Ossetians 16%(Balanovsky 2011)-24%(Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Maltese 21% (Capelli 2005), North Indian Shia Muslims 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009), Palestinians 17% (Nebel 2001)-35%, Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008)-23.5%, Syrians 14% (Di Giacomo 2004)-29%, and Kalash people 9.1%.

In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-P209. Haplogroup J-M172 is common in modern populations in Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Europe and North Africa. It is thought that J-M172 may have originated between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the Levant.

It is further divided into two complementary clades, J-M410 and J-M12 (M12, M102, M221, M314).

Origins

See also: Archaeogenetics of the Near East § Levant

The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 years before present (BP). Samino et al in 2004 dated the origin of the parent haplogroup, J-P209, to between 18,900 and 44,500 YBP.

It is likely that J2 men had settled over most of Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Iran by the end of the Last Glaciation 12,000 years ago.

Zalloua and Wells 2004 and al-Zaheri 2003 uncovered the earliest known migration of J2, from Sumeria to Canaan. In 2001, Nebel et al. found that, "According to Underhill et al. (2000), Eu 9 (H58) evolved from Eu 10 (H71) through a T→G transversion at M172 (emphasis added)," and that in today's populations, Eu 9 (the post-mutation form of M172) is strongest in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Levant, whilst Eu 10 becomes stronger and replaces the frequency of Eu 9 as one moves south into the Arabian Peninsula, so that people from the Caucasus met with Arabs near and between Mesopotamia (formerly Sumeria) and the Negev Desert, as "Arabisation" spread from Arabia to the Levant and Turkey, as well as many peoples (e.g. Jews, Armenians, Lebanese) having returned from diasporas.

Per research by Di Giacomo 2004, J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe" from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture. As to the timing of its spread into Europe, Di Giacomo points to events which post-date the Neolithic, in particular the demographic floruit associated with the rise of the Ancient Greek world. Semino et al. derived older age estimates for overall J2 (having used the Zhivotovsky method c.f. Di Giacomo), postulating its initial spread with Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, its subclade distribution, showing localized peaks in the Southern Balkans, southern Italy, north/central Italy and the Caucasus, does not conform to a single 'wave-of-advance' scenario, betraying a number of still poorly understood post-Neolithic processes which created its current pattern. Like Di Giacomo, the Bronze Age southern Balkans was suggested by Semino 2004 to have been an important vector of spread.

Distribution

Haplogroup J-M172 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus (Nasidze 2003), Anatolia, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau(Semino 2004).

The highest reported frequency of J-M172 ever was 87.4%, among Ingush in Malgobek (Balanovsky 2011).

More specifically it is found in Iraq (Al-Zahery 2003), Kuwait (Qassemi 2009), Syria (Luis 2004), Lebanon (Zalloua 2008l), Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004), Georgia (Nasidze 2003), Azerbaijan (Di Giacomo 2004), North Caucasus (Nasidze 2004), Armenia (Wells 2001), Iran (Nasidze 2004), Israel (Semino 2004), Palestine (Semino 2004), Cyprus (Capelli 2005), Greece (Martinez 2007), Albania (Semino 2000), Italy (Capelli 2007), and Spain (Di Giacomo 2003), and more frequently in Iraqis 24%Al-Zahery 2011, Chechens 51.0%-58.0% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21% (Wells 2001)-72% (Wells 2001), Lebanese 30%(Semino 2004), Ossetians 24%(Nasidze 2004), Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Syrians 23% (Luis 2004), Turks 13% (Cinnioglu 2004)-40% (Semino 2000), Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009)-37%(Capelli 2005), Armenians 21% (Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8%,(Balanovsky 2011) Iranians 10% (Nasidze 2004)-25%, (Wells 2001) Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008)-24%, (Semino 2000) Italians 9%-36% (Capelli 2007), Sephardi Jews 15%(Nebel 2001)-29%, (Semino 2004) Maltese 21%(Capelli 2005), Palestinians 17%(Semino 2004), Saudis 14% (Abu-Amero 2009), Jordanians 14%, Omanis 10%-15% (Di Giacomo 2004) and (Luis 2004), and North Indian Shia Muslim 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009).

North Africa

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Tunisia	Tunisia	62	8	El-Sibai 2009
Tunisia	Sousse	220	8.2	Fadhlaoui-Zid 2014
Algeria	Oran	102	4.9	Robino 2008
Egypt		124	7.6	El-Sibai 2009
Egypt		147	12.0	Abu-Amero 2009
Morocco		221	4.1	Fregel 2009
North Africa	Algeria, Tunisia	202	3.5	Fregel 2009

Central Asia

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Afghanistan	Hazara	60	26.6	Haber 2012
Afghanistan	Uzbeks	126	16	Di Cristofaro 2013
Bukhara	Uzbeks	58	16	Wells 2001
Dushanbe	Tajiks	16	31	Wells 2001
Xinjiang, China	Uyghurs	50	34	Shou 2010
Xinjiang, China	Uzbeks	23	30.4	Shou 2010
Xinjiang, China	Tajiks	31	16.1	Shou 2010
Kazakhstan	Kazakhs	30	13.3	Karafet 2001
Kazakhstan	Uyghurs	41	20	Wells 2001
Samarkand	Uzbeks	45	16	Wells 2001
Samarkand	Tajiks	40	20	Wells 2001
Surkhandarya	Uzbeks	68	16	Wells 2001
Tajikistan	Yaghnobis	31	32	Wells 2001
Tajikistan	Tajiks	38	18.4	Wells 2001
Turkmenistan	Turkmens	30	17	Wells 2001
Uzbekistan	Uzbeks	366	13.4	Wells 2001

J-M172 is found at moderate frequencies among Central Asian people such as Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Yaghnobis. According to the genetic study in Northeast China by Shou et al. (2010), a notable high frequency of J-M172 is observed particularly in Uyghurs 34% and Uzbeks 30.4% in Xinjiang, China.

The haplogroup has an ancient presence in Central Asia and seems to have preceded the spread of Islam (Shou 2010). In addition, the immediate ancestor of J-M172, namely J* (J-M304*, a.k.a. J-P209*, J-12f2.1*) is also found among Xibo, Kazakh, Dongxiang and Uzbek people in Northwest China.

In 2015, two ancient samples belonging to J-M172 or J-M410 (J2a) were found at two different archaeological sites in Altai, eastern Russia: Kytmanovo and Sary-bel kurgan. Both of the ancient samples are related to Iron Age cultures in Altai. Sary-bel J2/J2a is dated to 50 BC whereas Kytmanovo sample is dated to 721-889 AD. Genetic admixture analysis of these samples also suggests that the individuals were more closely related to West Eurasians than other Altaians from the same period, although they also seem to be related to present-day Turkic peoples of the region.

Europe

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Albania		55	19.9	Battaglia 2009
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Serbs	81	8.7	Battaglia 2009
Cyprus		164	12.9	El-Sibai 2009
Greece	Crete	143	35	El-Sibai 2009
Iberia		655	7	Fregel 2009
Iberia		1140	7.7	Adams 2008
Italy	Sicily	212	22.6	El-Sibai 2009
Italy	Mainland	699	20	Capelli 2007
Italy	Central Marche	59	35.6	Capelli 2007
Italy	West Calabria	57	35.1	Capelli 2007
Italy	Val Badia	34	8.8	Capelli 2007
Malta		90	21.1	El-Sibai 2009
Portugal	North, Center, South	303	6.9	El-Sibai 2009
Portugal	Tras-os-Montes (Jews)	57	24.5	Nogueiro 2010
Sardinia		81	9.9	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Mallorca	62	8.1	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Sevilla	155	7.8	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Leon	60	5	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Ibiza	54	3.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Cantabria	70	2.9	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Galicia	292	13	Brion 2004
Spain	Canary Islands	652	10.5	Fregel 2009

In Europe, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M172 drops as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean. In Italy, J-M172 is found with regional frequencies ranging between 9% and 36% (Capelli 2007). In Greece, it is found with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 48%. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J-M172 according to a recent study, (Cinnioglu 2004) with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 40% (Semino 2000). Combined with J-M267, up to half of the Turkish population belongs to Haplogroup J-P209.

It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete. Haplogroup J-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) (King 2008).

North Caucasus

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Caucasus	Abkhaz	58	13.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Avar	115	6	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Chechen	330	57	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Circassians	142	21.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Dargins	101	1	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Ingush	143	88.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Kaitak	33	3	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Kumyks	73	21	Yunusbayev 2011
Caucasus	Kubachi	65	0	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Lezghins	81	2.5	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Ossets	357	16	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Shapsug	100	6	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus		1525	28.1	Balanovsky 2011

J-M172 is found at very high frequencies in certain peoples of the Caucasus: among the Ingush 87.4% (Balanovsky 2011), Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21%-72%, (Wells 2001), Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48%, (Wells 2001) Abkhaz 25%, (Nasidze 2004) Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Ossetians 24% (Nasidze 2004), Armenians 21% (Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011), and other groups ( Nasidze 2004 and Nasidze 2003).

West Asia

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Jewish	Ashkenazim Jewish	442	19	Behar 2004
Iran		92	25	El-Sibai 2009
Iraq		154	24	Al-Zahery 2011
Israel	Akka	101	18.6	El-Sibai 2009
Jordan		273	14.6	El-Sibai 2009
Lebanon		951	29.4	El-Sibai 2009
Oman		121	10.0	Abu-Amero 2009
Pakistan		176	11.9	Abu-Amero 2009
Pakistan	Chitral District			Firasat 2007
Qatar		72	8.3	El-Sibai 2009
Saudi Arabia		157	14	Abu-Amero 2009
Syria	Syria	554	20.8	El-Sibai 2009
Turkey		523	24.2	El-Sibai 2009
UAE		164	10.3	El-Sibai 2009
Yemen		62	9.6	El-Sibai 2009

Sephardi Jews have about 15% (Nebel 2001)-29% (Semino 2004), of haplogroup J-M172, and Ashkenazi Jews have 15% (Shen 2004)-23% (Semino 2004). It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers (Malaspina 2001) that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J-L26, defined by the deletion at DYS413. However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J-M267 (see Cohen modal haplotype).

Haplogroup J-M172 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J-M267, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. It was believed that the source population of J-M172 originated from the Levant/Syria (Syrid-J-M172), and that its occurrence among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia was a sign of the neolithic agriculturalists. However, as stated it is now more likely to have originated in regions farther to the north, with the first metallurgists of the Middle East.

South Asia

J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. Among caste groups, the highest frequency of J2-M172 was observed among Tamil Vellalar's of South India, at 38.7%. J2 is present in Indian tribals too and has a frequency of 11% in Austro-Asiatic tribals. Among the Austro-Asiatic tribals, the predominant J2 occurs in the Lodha(35%) of West Bengal. J2 is also present in the South Indian hill tribe Toda at 38.46% albeit with a sample size of only 26, in the Andh tribe of Telangana at 35.19% and in the Kol tribe of Uttar Pradesh at a frequency of 33.34%. Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J-M410, 10.6% in J-M267 and 4.4% in J2b (Eaaswarkhanth 2009).

In Pakistan, the highest frequencies of J2-M172 were observed among the Parsis at 38.89%, the Dravidian speaking Brahui's at 28.18% and the Makrani Balochs at 24%. It also occurs at 18.18% in Makrani Siddis and at 3% in Karnataka Siddis.

J2-M172 is found at an overall frequency of 16.1% in the people of Sri Lanka. In Maldives, 22% of Maldivian population were found to be haplogroup J2 positive. Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.

Subclade distribution

Haplogroup J-M172 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J-M410, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J-M12, defined by the M12 genetic marker.

J-M172

J-M172 is typical of populations of the Near East, Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa.

J-M410

J-M410 is found in Georgia, North Ossetia.

J-M47

J-M47 is found with low frequency in Georgia, (Battaglia 2008) southern Iran (Regueiro 2006), Qatar (Cadenas 2008) Saudi Arabia (AbuAmero 2009), Syria (Di Giacomo 2004), Tunisia (Arredi 2004), Turkey (Di Giacomo 2004 and Cinnioglu 2004), the UAE, (Cadenas 2008), and Central Asia/Siberia (Underhill 2000).

J-M67

J-M67 (Called J2f in older papers) has its highest frequencies associated with Nakh peoples. Found at very high (majority) frequencies among Ingush in Malgobek (87.4%), Chechens in Dagestan (58%), Chechens in Chechnya (56.8%) and Chechens in Malgobek, Ingushetia (50.9%) (Balanovsky 2011). In the Caucasus, it is found at significant frequencies among Georgians (13.3%) (Semino 2004), Iron Ossetes (11.3%), South Caucasian Balkars (6.3%) (Semino 2004), Digor Ossetes (5.5%), Abkhaz (6.9%), and Cherkess (5.6%) (Balanovsky 2011). It is also found at notable frequencies in the Mediterranean and Middle East, including Cretans (10.2%), North-central Italians (9.6%), Southern Italians (4.2%; only 0.8% among N. Italians), Anatolian Turks (2.7-5.4%), Greeks (4-4.3%), Albanians (3.6%), Ashkenazi Jews (4.9%), Sephardis (2.4%), Catalans (3.9%), Andalusians (3.2%), Calabrians (3.3%), Albanian Calabrians (8.9%) (see Di Giacomo 2004 and Semino 2004).

J-M319

J-M319 is found with low to moderate frequency in Cretan Greeks (Martinez 2007 and King 2008), Iraqi Jews (Shen 2004), and Moroccan Jews (Shen 2004).

J-M158

J-M158 (location under L24 uncertain) J-M158 is found with low frequency in Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004), South Asia (Sengupta 2006 and Underhill 2000), Indochina (Underhill 2000), and Iberian Peninsula.

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
J-12f2a	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J*	J	J	J	-	-	-	-	-	-	J
J-M62	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J1	J1a	J1a	J1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M172	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2*	J2	J2	J2	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2
J-M47	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2a	J2a	J2a1	J2a4a	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1a
J-M68	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2b	J2b	J2a3	J2a4c	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1c
J-M137	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2c	J2c	J2a4	J2a4h2a1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h2a1a
J-M158	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2d	J2d	J2a5	J2a4h1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h1
J-M12	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e*	J2e	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M102	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1*	J2e1	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M99	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1a	J2e1a	J2b2a	J2b2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M67	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f*	J2f	J2a2	J2a4b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b
J-M92	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f1	J2f1	J2a2a	J2a4b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b1
J-M163	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f2	J2f2	J2a2b	J2a4b2	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

3

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M172. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-M172 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• M172, L228
  • M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
    • M289
    • L26, L27, L927
      • M47, M322
      • M67, L558
      • M319
      • M339
      • M419
      • P81
      • L24, L207.1
      • L88.2, L198
      • L250.2, L251.2
      • L267
      • P329.2
    • L581
  • M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
    • M205
    • M241
      • M99
      • M280
      • M321
      • P84
      • L283

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.

The ISOGG tree

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree (as of August 2017). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• J2 M172/Page28/PF4908, L228/PF4895/S321
  • J2a M410, L152, L212/PF4988, L559/PF4986
    • J2a1 DYS413≤18, L26/Page55/PF5110/S57, F4326/L27/PF5111/S396
      • J2a1a M47, M322
      • J2a1b M67/PF5137/S51
      • J2a1c M68
      • J2a1d M319
      • J2a1e M339
      • J2a1f M419
      • J2a1g P81/PF4275
      • J2a1h L24/S286, L207.1
      • J2a1i L88.2, L198
    • J2a2 L581/PF5026/S398
      • J2a2a P279/PF5065
  • J2b L282, M12, M102, M221, M314/PF4939
    • J2b1 M205
    • J2b2 M241
      • J2b2a L283

See also

Genetics

3

Y-DNA J Subclades

3

Bibliography

1. ^
2. ^ Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (5): 1095–112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
3. ^ Malaspina P, Tsopanomichalou M, Duman T, Stefan M, Silvestri A, Rinaldi B, Garcia O, Giparaki M, Plata E, Kozlov AI, Barbujani G, Vernesi C, Papola F, Ciavarella G, Kovatchev D, Kerimova MG, Anagnou N, Gavrila L, Veneziano L, Akar N, Loutradis A, Michalodimitrakis EN, Terrenato L, Novelletto A (2001). "A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area". Ann. Hum. Genet. 65 (Pt 4): 339–49. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6540339.x. PMID 11592923.

Further reading

• Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
• Al-Zahery N, Pala M, Battaglia V, Grugni V, Hamod MA, Hooshiar Kashani B, Olivieri A, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O (2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: A survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 288. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
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External links

• Migration of Indians Across Continents spanning generations: A Case History of the Saluja Family.
• In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts