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Joseon missions to Japan represent a crucial aspect of the international relations of mutual Joseon-Japanese contacts and communication.^[1] In sum, these serial diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's kyorin (neighborly relations) diplomacy from 1392 to 1910.

The chronology of one side in a bilateral relationship stands on its own. This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the sadae (serving the great) diplomacy which characterized the Joseon-Chinese relations in this same period.^[2]

The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical model would be modified. The changing model mirrors the evolution of a unique relationship between two neighboring states.^[3] In the 20th century, Joseon's neighborly relations diplomacy failed.

Joseon diplomacy

General Yi Seong-gye (posthumously known as Taejo of Joseon established the "Kingdom of Great Joseon" in 1392–1393, and he founded the Yi dynasty which would retain power on the Korean peninsula for five hundred years. An early achievement of the new monarch was improved relations with China; and indeed, Joseon had its origin in General Yi's refusal to attack China in response to raids from Chinese bandits.^[4] The Joseon foreign policy would evolve from pre-existing foundations. For example, Goryeo envoy Jeong Mongju travelled to Japan in 1377;^[5] and the consequences of his efforts were only seen later.

As an initial step, a diplomatic mission was dispatched to Japan in 1402. The Joseon envoy sought to bring about the re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries and he was charged to commemorate the good relations which existed in ancient times. This mission was successful, and shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy.^[6] Subsequent missions developed and nurtured the contacts and exchanges between the two neighboring countries.

Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's Edo period.^[7] A diplomatic mission conventionally consisted of three envoys—the main envoy, the vice-envoy, and a document official. Also included were one or more official writers or recorders who created a detailed account of the mission.^[8] Artists were also included in the diplomatic delegation.

Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese shōguns of almost equal ranking. Although Japan was ruled by an emperor, and not a king, the most shoguns were represented as "tycoon of Japan" in many foreign communications in order to avoid the conflict with the Sinocentric world order in which the emperor of China was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".^[9]

The history of Yi diplomacy can be parsed in four parts: (a) before the Japanese invasions in 1592–1598; (b) in the context of the invasion; (c) after the invasion; and (d) in modern times.

Joseon missions to the Muromachi shogunate

The Joseon diplomatic contacts and communication with Japan encompassed formal embassies to the Muromachi bakufu.^[10] Joseon diplomacy also included the more frequent and less formal exchanges with the Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) of Tsushima Island.

In addition, trade missions between merchants of the area were commonplace. For example, more than 60 trade missions per year marked the period from 1450 through 1500.^[11]

Year	Sender	Joseon chief envoy	Japanese shōgun	Official purpose
1392	Taejo	– ?	Ashikaga Yoshimitsu	Re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries, remembering good relations which existed in ancient times^[12]
1398	Taejo	Pak Tong-chi.^[13]	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	Response envoys; and seeking help in suppression of pirate fleets, called waegu (왜구) in Korean or wakō (倭寇) in Japanese.^[10]
1404	Taejong	Yeo Ui-son^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	Response envoys^[14]
1406	Taejong	Yun Myǒng^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	Response envoys^[10]
1410	Taejong	Yan Yu (diplomat)^[15]	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	Response envoys; conveying condolences on the death of Yoshimitsu;^[10] and offering to send a copy of a rare Buddhist text.^[16]
1413	Taejong	Bak Bun?	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	–?
1420	Sejong	Song Hǔi-gyǒng^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	Response envoys^[10]
1423	Sejong	Pak Hǔi-chung^[17]	Ashikaga Yoshikazu	Response envoys;^[10] and transporting a copy of a rare Buddhist text.^[18]
1424	Sejong	Pak An-sin^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshikazu	Response envoys^[10]
1428	Sejong	Pak Sǒ-saeng^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshinori	Condolences on the death of Yoshimochi; conveying congratulations on the succession of Yoshinori^[10]
1432	Sejong	Yi Ye^[19]	Ashikaga Yoshinori	Response envoys^[10]
1439	Sejong	Ko Tǔk-chong^[10]	Ashikaga Yoshinori	Neighborly relations; and asking help in suppression of expanded waegu (wakō) activities.^[10]
1443	Sejong	Byeon Hyo-mun^[20]	Ashikaga Yoshimasa	Condolences on the death of Yoshinori; and conveying congratulations on the succession of Yoshikatsu^[10]

1392

In the 1st year of the reign of King Taejo of Joseon, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[6]

1398

In the 6th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10] Pak Tong-chi and his retinue arrived in Kyoto in the early autumn of 1398 (Ōei 5, 8th month). Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi presented the envoy with a formal diplomatic letter; and presents were given for the envoy to convey to the Joseon court.^[21]

1404

In the 4th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]

1406

In the 6th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]

1409–1410

In the 10th year of King Taejong's reign, an ambassador from the Joseon court was received in Kyoto. This event in 1409 (Ōei 16, 3rd month) was considered significant.^[22]

1413

In the 13th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]

1420

In the 2nd year of the reign of King Sejong the Great, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]

1423

In the 5th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]^[18]

1424

In the 6th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[10]

1428

In the 10th year of King Sejong's reign, the Joseon court dispatched Pak Sǒ-saeng as chief envoy of a mission to the shogunal court of Ashikaga Yoshinori in Japan.^[10]

1432

In the 14th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[23]

1439

In the 21st year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan. The leader of this embassy to Shogun Yoshinori was Ko Tǔk-chong.^[10]

1443

In the 25th year of King Sejong's reign, an embassy was sent to the Japanese capital. Byeon Hyo-mun was the chief envoy sent by the Joseon court.^[24] The ambassador was received in Kyoto by Ashikaga Yoshimasa.^[10]

Joseon missions to Hideyoshi

After the fall of the Ashikaga shogunate, the Joseon diplomatic missions to Japan were dispatched to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who emerged as an unchallenged strong man and leader after the death of Oda Nobunaga in 1582.^[10] The less formal contacts with the leaders of the Sō clan on Tsushima continued.

Diplomacy was set aside in 1592 when Japanese armies invaded Joseon territory. The ruptured bilateral relations were not restored immediately after the death of Hideyoshi in 1598; but the invading forces gradually withdrew from occupied land on the Korean peninsula.^[25]

Year	Sender	Joseon chief envoy	Taiko^[26]	Official purpose
1590	Seonjo	Hwang Yun-gil^[27]	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Congratulations on the unification of Hideyoshi^[10]
1596	Seonjo	Hwang Sin^[28]	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Negotiating end of hostilities, withdrawal of invading Japanese forces.^[29]

1590

In the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo, a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent by the Joseon court to Japan.^[27] The Joseon ambassador was received by the Japanese leader, Toyotomi Hideyoshi.^[10]

1596

In the 29th year of King Seonjo's reign, a diplomatic mission headed by Hwang Sin accompanied the Ming ambassadors who traveled to Japan.^[28]

Joseon missions to the Tokugawa shogunate

After the Japanese invaders were repulsed, the new Yi-Tokugawa diplomatic relations developed in a somewhat different manner than in earlier years^[30]

Year	Sender	Joseon chief envoy	Japanese shogun	Official purpose
1607	Seonjo	Yŏ Ugil^[31]	Tokugawa Hidetada	Responding to Japanese invitation; observation of internal Japanese political situation; repatriation of prisoners.^[32]
1617	Gwanghaegun	O Yun'gyŏm^[33]	Tokugawa Hidetada	Responding to Japanese invitation; congratulations on victory in Siege of Osaka; repatriation of prisoners.^[34]
1624	Injo	Chŏng Ip^[35]	Tokugawa Iemitsu	Responding to Japanese invitation; congratulations on succession of Shogun Iemitsu; repatriation of prisoners.^[36]
1636	Injo	Im Kwang^[37]	Tokugawa Iemitsu	Celebrating prosperity.^[38]
1643	Injo	Yun Sunji^[39]	Tokugawa Iemitsu	Celebrating birthday of Shogun Iemitsu.^[40]
1655	Hyojong	Cho Hyŏng^[41]	Tokugawa Ietsuna	Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ietsuna.^[42]
1682	Sukjong	Yun Jiwan^[43]	Tokugawa Tsunayoshi	Congratulions on the succession of shōgun Tsunayoshi.^[44]
1711	Sukjong	Jo Tae-eok^[45]	Tokugawa Ienobu	Congratulations on the succession of Shogun Ienobu.^[46]
1719	Sukjong	Hong Ch'ijung^[47]	Tokugawa Yoshimune	Congratulations on the succession of Shogun Yoshimune.^[48]
1748	Yeongjo	Hong Kyehǔi^[49]	Tokugawa Ieshige	Congratulations on the succession of Shogun Ieshige.^[50]
1764	Yeongjo	Jo Eom^[51]	Tokugawa Ieharu	Congratulations on the succession of Shogun Ieharu.^[52]
1811	Sunjo	Kim Igyo^[33]	Tokugawa Ienari	Congratulations on the succession of Shogun Ienari.^[53]

1607

In the 40th year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon,^[32] representatives of the Joseon court were dispatched to Japan. This diplomatic mission functioned to the advantage of both the Japanese and the Koreans as a channel for developing a political foundation for trade.^[54] This embassy traveled to Edo for an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada in the 12th year of Keicho, according to the Japanese era name in use at this time.^[32] Yŏ Ugil was the chief Joseon envoy;^[31] and there was 467 others accompanying him.^[32]

1617

In the 9th year of the reign of King Gwanghaegun of Joseon,^[34] the Joseon court dispatched a mission to Edo; but the embassy travelled only as far as Kyoto. The delegation was received by Shogun Hidetada at Fushimi Castle^[55] in the 3rd year of Genna, as the Japanese reckoned time.^[34] The chief envoy was O Yun'gyŏm^[33] and there were 428 others in his party.^[34]

1624

In the 2nd year of the reign of King Injo of Joseon,^[36] a delegation was sent to Edo with Chŏng Ip as its chief envoy.^[33] The size of this diplomatic numbered 460.^[36] Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu received the ambassador in Edo.^[35] The Joseon embassy was considered a significant event in the 1st year of Kan'ei, according to the Japanese calendar,^[36]

1636

In the 14th year of King Injo's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.^[38] The ambassador of the Joseon king was Im Kwang;^[37] and he was accompanied by 478 others.^[38] According to the Japanese calendar, the mission reached Japan in 1635 (Kan'ei 13, 12th month).^[56] This mission to the court of Shogun Iemitsu in Edo also encompassed a pilgrimage to the first shogun's mausoleum at Nikkō.^[57] The grand procession of the shogun, which included the large Joseon contingent, travelled from Edo to Nikko in the 4th month of the 14th year of Kan'ei.^[56]

1643

In the 21st year of King Injo's reign,^[40] a mission to Edo was led by Yun Sunji.^[39] The size of the Joseon delegation was 477.^[40] The delegation arrived at the shogunal court in Edo on the 20th year of Kan'ei, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.^[58] This delegation was received in the court of Shogun Iemitsu; and they also completed a visit to Shogun Ieaysu's mausoleum at Nikkō.^[55]

1655

In the 6th year of the reign of King Hyojong of Joseon, the Joseon court sent a mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ietsuna.^[42] This mission arrived in Japan during the 1st year of Meireki, according to in the Japanese dating system.^[59] Cho Hyŏng was the chief envoy of the Joseon embassy,^[41] and his retinue numbered 485.^[42] After the embassy was received in the shogunate court at Edo; and the delegation proceeded the Tōshō-gū at Nikkō.^[55]

1682

In the 8th year of the reign of King Sukjong of Joseon, a diplomatic mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi was dispatched from the Joseon court.^[44] Yun Jiwan was the chief emissary;^[33] and he was accompanied by 473 others, traveling to Edo during the 2nd year of Tenna according to the Japanese calendar.^[44]

1711

In the 37th year King Sukjong's reign, an envoy was sent to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ienobu.^[46] This embassy arrived in the 1st year of Shōtoku, according to the Japanese calendar.^[60] Jo Tae-eok was the chief envoy of this diplomatic embassy;^[33] and the size of his delegation numbered 500.^[46]

1719

In the 45th year of King Sukjong's reign, an embassy was dispatched to Japan.^[48] The Joseon envoy and his party arrived in Japan in the 10th month of the 4th year of Kyōhō, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar in use at that time.^[61] King Sukjong sent Hong Ch'ijung with a retinue of 475.^[48] The Joseon ambassador was granted an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune.

1748

In the 24th year of the reign of King Yeongjo of Joseon, the Joseon court sent a diplomatic mission to Japan.^[50] The Joseon envoy and his retinue arrived in Edo in the 1st year of Kan'en, according to the Japanese caledar.^[62] The chief envoy of this Joseon delegation was Hong Kyehǔi;^[49] and he was accompanied by 475 others.^[50]

1764

In the 40th year of King Yeongjo's reign, a diplomatic envoy was dispatched to Japan.^[52] This mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ieharu arrived in the shogunal capital the 1st year of Meiwa, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.^[63] Jo Eom was the chief envoy in 1764;^[64] and 477 traveled with him.^[52] The renowned Edo period poet Fukuda Chiyo-ni was chosen to prepare the official Japanese gift presented to the Korean Delegation, and she crafted and delivered 21 artworks based on her 21 haiku.^[65] This ambassador is important historical figure because he is credited with introducing sweet potatoes as a food crop in Korea.^[66] The "new" food staple was encountered during the course of this diplomatic mission.^[67]

1811

In the 11th year of the reign of King Sunjo of Joseon, the king sent a mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ienari.^[53] The embassy did not travel any further than Tsushima. The representatives of Shogun Ienari met the mission on the island which is located in the middle of the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu.^[64] The chief envoy of this mission was Kim Igyo;^[33] and there were 336 in his retinue.^[53]

Joseon-Japan diplomacy adapting

Joseon-Japanese bilateral relations were affected by the increasing numbers of international contacts which required adaptation and a new kind of diplomacy.^[68]

1876

The Korea-Japan Treaty of 1876 marks the beginning of a new phase in bilateral relations.^[68]

Notes

^ 한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip), Vol. 6, p. 29.
^ Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.
^ Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 87.
^ Hussain, Tariq. (2006). Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century, p. 45; Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, p. 401.
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 313; Korea-Japan Relations> Middle Ages> 4. Waegu and the Korea-Japan Relationship. Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Titsingh, p. 320.
^ Lewis, James Bryant. Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan, p. 269 n. 89, citing Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu (1996) by Na Chongpu.
^ Walraven, Boudewign et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 362.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 206.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275. Cite error: The named reference "kang275" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Ferris, William. (2009). Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History, 181.
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 320.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275; Titsingh, p. 322.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275; Hall, John Whitney. (1997). The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan, p. 242.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 39.
^ Titsingh, pp. 325–326.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 72.
^ ^a ^b Titsingh, p. 330.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology. p. 275; Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.
^ Kang, Jae-eun, and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 241; Titsingh, p. 342.
^ Titsingh, p. 322.
^ Titsingh, pp. 325–326.
^ Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.
^ Kang, Land of Scholars, p. 241; Titsingh, p. 342.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 86.
^ Taikō (太閤) a title given to a retired Kampaku regent in Japan; a title commonly associated with Toyotomi Hideyoshi
^ ^a ^b Rutt, Richard et al. (2003). Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary, p. 190.
^ ^a ^b Palais, James B. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty, p. 83; n.b., this source equates the term "formal ambassador" with "tongsinsa," without reference to signifying "normalized" bilateral relations.
^ Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 225.
^ Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). The Korean struggle for International identity, p. 44.
^ ^a ^b Kang, p. 144. Cite error: The named reference "kang144" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Northeast Asia History Foundation Archived March 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesarok (Records of Overseas Mission) by Gyeong Seom.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Walraven, Boudewijn et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 361. Cite error: The named reference "walraven361" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsasang illok (Daily Records of Mission to Japan) by Oh Yun-gyeom; Dongsa ilgi (Diary of Mission to Japan) by Bak Jae; and Busangnok (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Yi Gyeong-jik.
^ ^a ^b Toby, p. 70.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok (Record of Mission to Japan) by Kang Hong-jung.
^ ^a ^b Toby, p. 205–207; Titsingh, p. 411; n.b., the name Nin kwô is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Jin kuang is a pre-McCune–Reischauer, Korean romanization devised by Julius Klaproth and Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in 1834.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Byeongja ilbon ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan in 1636) by Im Gwang; Haesarok by Kim Seryeom; and Dongsarok by Hwang Ho.
^ ^a ^b Toby, p. 105; Titsingh, p. 412; n.b., the name Inzioun si is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834. Cite error: The named reference "toby105_titsingh412" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Jo Gyeong; Haesarok by Sin Yu; and Gyemi dongsarok (Records of 1643 Mission to Japan) by an unidentified writer.
^ ^a ^b Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 413; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Busang ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan) by Jogyeong; and Busangnok by Nam Yong-ik.
^ Cultural Heritage Administration, Name of Cultural Properties, Yakjojechalbi (Stele of agreement), 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsa illok (Daily Records of Travel to Japan) by Kim Jinam; and Dongsarok by Hong U-jae.
^ Kim, Tae-Jun. (2006). Korean Travel Literature. p. 119; Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 416; n.b., the name Tota Yokf is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao ta ỹ is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Jo Tae-eok; Dongsarok by Kim Hyeon-mun; and Dongsarok by Im Su-gan.
^ Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 417; n.b., the name Kô tsi tsiou is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Hong tschi tchoung is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesa illok (Daily Records of Overseas Mission) by Hong Chi-jung; Haeyurok (Records of Sea Voyage) by Shin Yu-han; Busang gihaeng (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Jeong Hu-gyo; and Busangnok by Kim Heup.
^ ^a ^b Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 418; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Bongsa ilbon si mun gyeonnik (Observation of the Janpanese Culture) by Jo Myeong-chae; Susa illok (Daily Records of Observations) by Hong Gyeong-hae; and Ilbon ilgi (Diary in Japan) by an unidentified writer.
^ 염정섭 (Yeom Jeong-Seop). 조선 후기 고구마의 도입과 재배법의 정리 과정 ("The Introduction of Sweet Potatoes and the Development of Cultivation Methods during Late Joseon Korea"), 韩国史硏究 No. 134, January 2006. pp. 111–147.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesa ilgi (Diary of Overseas Mission) by Jo Eom; Gyemi sahaeng ilgi (Diary of 1764 Mission to Japan) by Oh Dae-ryeong; and Ilbonnok (Record of Japan) by Seong Dae-jung.
^ ^a ^b ^c Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Yusang-pil; and Doyurok (Record of Voyage to Japan) by Kim Cheong-san.
^ Walker, p. 48; Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West," pp. 85–116 in Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien.
^ ^a ^b ^c Toby, p. 105 n16.
^ ^a ^b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des emperors du japon, p. 411.
^ Toby, p. 105 n16; Walker, p. 50.
^ Titsingh, p. 412.
^ Titsingh, p. 413.
^ Titsingh, p. 416.
^ Titsingh, p. 417.
^ Titsingh, p. 418.
^ Titsingh, p. 419.
^ ^a ^b Walraven, p. 359.
^ haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp
^ Kim, Jinwung. (2012). A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict, p. 255.
^ Wiwŏnhoe, p. 305.
^ ^a ^b Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). Struggle for Identity, pp. 38–78.

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Lee, Sang Oak and Duk-Soo Park. (1998). Perspectives on Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-9586526-6-7; OCLC 40261047
Palais, James B. (1995). Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97455-2; OCLC 214839971
Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 84067437
Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1951-3; OCLC 25473164
Walker, Brett L. "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: A Historiographical Essay," Early Modern Japan. Fall, 2002, pp. 44–62, 124–128.
Walraven, Boudewijn and Remco E. Breuker. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies; Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Leiden: CNWS Publications. ISBN 90-5789-153-0; OCLC 181625480
Wiwŏnhoe, Yunesŭkʻo Hanʼguk. (2004). Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments. Elizabeth, New Jersey: Hollym. ISBN 978-1-56591-177-2; OCLC 56107531
Kim, In-gyeom (김인겸) (2007). 일동 장유가 [Ildong Jangyuga]. Bogosa(보고사). ISBN 8984335878. Travel poetry written by an attendant of the Joseon mission to Japan.

External links

[1] 한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip), Vol. 6, p. 29.

[2] Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.

[3] Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 87.

[4] Hussain, Tariq. (2006). Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century, p. 45; Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, p. 401.

[5] Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 313; Korea-Japan Relations> Middle Ages> 4. Waegu and the Korea-Japan Relationship. Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

[Titsingh,_p._320-6] Titsingh, p. 320.

[7] Lewis, James Bryant. Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan, p. 269 n. 89, citing Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu (1996) by Na Chongpu.

[8] Walraven, Boudewign et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 362.

[9] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 206.

[kang275-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275. Cite error: The named reference "kang275" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[11] Ferris, William. (2009). Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History, 181.

[12] Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 320.

[13] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275; Titsingh, p. 322.

[14] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275; Hall, John Whitney. (1997). The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan, p. 242.

[kang38-15] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 39.

[16] Titsingh, pp. 325–326.

[17] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 72.

[Titsingh,_p._330-18] Titsingh, p. 330.

[19] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology. p. 275; Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.

[20] Kang, Jae-eun, and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 241; Titsingh, p. 342.

[21] Titsingh, p. 322.

[titsingh325-22] Titsingh, pp. 325–326.

[lee268-23] Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.

[24] Kang, Land of Scholars, p. 241; Titsingh, p. 342.

[25] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 86.

[26] Taikō (太閤) a title given to a retired Kampaku regent in Japan; a title commonly associated with Toyotomi Hideyoshi

[rutt190-27] Rutt, Richard et al. (2003). Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary, p. 190.

[palais83-28] Palais, James B. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty, p. 83; n.b., this source equates the term "formal ambassador" with "tongsinsa," without reference to signifying "normalized" bilateral relations.

[29] Kang, Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 225.

[30] Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). The Korean struggle for International identity, p. 44.

[kang144-31] Kang, p. 144. Cite error: The named reference "kang144" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[history_foundation1607-32] Northeast Asia History Foundation Archived March 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesarok (Records of Overseas Mission) by Gyeong Seom.

[walraven361-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Walraven, Boudewijn et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 361. Cite error: The named reference "walraven361" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[history_foundation1617-34] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsasang illok (Daily Records of Mission to Japan) by Oh Yun-gyeom; Dongsa ilgi (Diary of Mission to Japan) by Bak Jae; and Busangnok (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Yi Gyeong-jik.

[toby70-35] Toby, p. 70.

[history_foundation1624-36] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok (Record of Mission to Japan) by Kang Hong-jung.

[toby205-207_titsingh411-37] Toby, p. 205–207; Titsingh, p. 411; n.b., the name Nin kwô is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Jin kuang is a pre-McCune–Reischauer, Korean romanization devised by Julius Klaproth and Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in 1834.

[history_foundation1636-38] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Byeongja ilbon ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan in 1636) by Im Gwang; Haesarok by Kim Seryeom; and Dongsarok by Hwang Ho.

[toby105_titsingh412-39] Toby, p. 105; Titsingh, p. 412; n.b., the name Inzioun si is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834. Cite error: The named reference "toby105_titsingh412" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[history_foundation1643-40] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Jo Gyeong; Haesarok by Sin Yu; and Gyemi dongsarok (Records of 1643 Mission to Japan) by an unidentified writer.

[walraven361_Titsingh413-41] Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 413; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

[history_foundation1655-42] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Busang ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan) by Jogyeong; and Busangnok by Nam Yong-ik.

[43] Cultural Heritage Administration, Name of Cultural Properties, Yakjojechalbi (Stele of agreement), 2006.

[history_foundation1682-44] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsa illok (Daily Records of Travel to Japan) by Kim Jinam; and Dongsarok by Hong U-jae.

[Jo_Tae-eok1-45] Kim, Tae-Jun. (2006). Korean Travel Literature. p. 119; Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 416; n.b., the name Tota Yokf is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao ta ỹ is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

[history_foundation1711-46] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Jo Tae-eok; Dongsarok by Kim Hyeon-mun; and Dongsarok by Im Su-gan.

[walraven361_titsingh417-47] Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 417; n.b., the name Kô tsi tsiou is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Hong tschi tchoung is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

[history_foundation1719-48] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesa illok (Daily Records of Overseas Mission) by Hong Chi-jung; Haeyurok (Records of Sea Voyage) by Shin Yu-han; Busang gihaeng (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Jeong Hu-gyo; and Busangnok by Kim Heup.

[walraven361_titsingh418-49] Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 418; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

[history_foundation1748-50] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Bongsa ilbon si mun gyeonnik (Observation of the Janpanese Culture) by Jo Myeong-chae; Susa illok (Daily Records of Observations) by Hong Gyeong-hae; and Ilbon ilgi (Diary in Japan) by an unidentified writer.

[Jo_Eom1-51] 염정섭 (Yeom Jeong-Seop). 조선 후기 고구마의 도입과 재배법의 정리 과정 ("The Introduction of Sweet Potatoes and the Development of Cultivation Methods during Late Joseon Korea"), 韩国史硏究 No. 134, January 2006. pp. 111–147.

[history_foundation1764-52] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Haesa ilgi (Diary of Overseas Mission) by Jo Eom; Gyemi sahaeng ilgi (Diary of 1764 Mission to Japan) by Oh Dae-ryeong; and Ilbonnok (Record of Japan) by Seong Dae-jung.

[history_foundation1811-53] Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations Archived October 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing Dongsarok by Yusang-pil; and Doyurok (Record of Voyage to Japan) by Kim Cheong-san.

[walker48-54] Walker, p. 48; Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West," pp. 85–116 in Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien.

[toby105n16-55] Toby, p. 105 n16.

[titsingh411-56] Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des emperors du japon, p. 411.

[57] Toby, p. 105 n16; Walker, p. 50.

[58] Titsingh, p. 412.

[59] Titsingh, p. 413.

[60] Titsingh, p. 416.

[61] Titsingh, p. 417.

[62] Titsingh, p. 418.

[63] Titsingh, p. 419.

[walraven359-64] Walraven, p. 359.

[65] ukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp

[66] Kim, Jinwung. (2012). A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict, p. 255.

[67] Wiwŏnhoe, p. 305.

[kang38-78-68] Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). Struggle for Identity, pp. 38–78.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Joseon missions to Japan''' represent a crucial aspect of the international relations of mutual [[Joseon]]-[[Japan]]ese contacts and communication.<ref>한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (''Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip''), Vol. 6, p. 29.</ref>  In sum, these serial diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's ''[[Gyorin|kyorin]]'' (neighborly relations) diplomacy from 1392 to 1910.
-The chronology of one side in a bilateral relationship stands on its own.  This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the ''[[sadae]]'' (serving the great) diplomacy which characterized the Joseon-Chinese relations in this same period.<ref>Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA49&dq=  ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,'' p. 49.]</ref>
+The chronology of one side in a bilateral relationship stands on its own.  This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the ''[[sadae]]'' (serving the great) diplomacy which characterized the Joseon-Chinese relations in this same period.<ref>Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA49&dq=  ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century'', p. 49.]</ref>
-The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese.  Gradually, the theoretical model would be modified.  The changing model mirrors the evolution of a unique relationship between two neighboring states.<ref>Toby, Ronald P. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hK7tczn2QoC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=korean+diplomacy+1711&source=bl&ots=k4W8TZxzjN&sig=Zi2nOmpTuZUK9bQL9ulL_Jnt47k&hl=en&ei=YJmtSeGQIeH8tgfknIWLBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA87,M1  ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,'' p. 87.]</ref>  In the 20th century, Joseon's neighborly relations diplomacy failed.
+The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese.  Gradually, the theoretical model would be modified.  The changing model mirrors the evolution of a unique relationship between two neighboring states.<ref>Toby, Ronald P. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hK7tczn2QoC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=korean+diplomacy+1711&source=bl&ots=k4W8TZxzjN&sig=Zi2nOmpTuZUK9bQL9ulL_Jnt47k&hl=en&ei=YJmtSeGQIeH8tgfknIWLBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA87,M1  ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu'', p. 87.]</ref>  In the 20th century, Joseon's neighborly relations diplomacy failed.
 ==Joseon diplomacy==
-General Yi Seong-gye (posthumously known as [[Taejo of Joseon]] established the "Kingdom of Great Joseon" in 1392–1393, and he founded the [[Yi family|Yi dynasty]] which would retain power on the Korean peninsula for five hundred years.  An early achievement of the new monarch was improved relations with China; and indeed, Joseon had its origin in General Yi's refusal to attack China in response to raids from Chinese bandits.<ref>Hussain, Tariq. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OijoSOZktc4C&pg=PA45&dq=  ''Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century,'' p. 45;] Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtEZ7Zq7s-gC&pg=PA401&dq=   ''Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K,'' p. 401.]</ref>  The Joseon foreign policy would evolve from pre-existing foundations.  For example, [[Goryeo dynasty|Goryeo]] envoy [[Jeong Mongju]] travelled to Japan in 1377;<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 313; [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33  Korea-Japan Relations> Middle Ages> 4. Waegu and the Korea-Japan Relationship.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164235/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33 |date=October 28, 2009 }}</ref> and the consequences of his efforts were only seen later.
+General Yi Seong-gye (posthumously known as [[Taejo of Joseon]] established the "Kingdom of Great Joseon" in 1392–1393, and he founded the [[Yi family|Yi dynasty]] which would retain power on the Korean peninsula for five hundred years.  An early achievement of the new monarch was improved relations with China; and indeed, Joseon had its origin in General Yi's refusal to attack China in response to raids from Chinese bandits.<ref>Hussain, Tariq. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OijoSOZktc4C&pg=PA45&dq=  ''Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century'', p. 45;] Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtEZ7Zq7s-gC&pg=PA401&dq=   ''Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K'', p. 401.]</ref>  The Joseon foreign policy would evolve from pre-existing foundations.  For example, [[Goryeo dynasty|Goryeo]] envoy [[Jeong Mongju]] travelled to Japan in 1377;<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 313; [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33  Korea-Japan Relations> Middle Ages> 4. Waegu and the Korea-Japan Relationship.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164235/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33 |date=October 28, 2009 }}</ref> and the consequences of his efforts were only seen later.
 As an initial step, a diplomatic mission was dispatched to Japan in 1402.  The Joseon envoy sought to bring about the re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries and he was charged to commemorate the good relations which existed in ancient times.  This mission was successful, and ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]] was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy.<ref name="Titsingh, p. 320">Titsingh, p. 320.</ref>  Subsequent missions developed and nurtured the contacts and exchanges between the two neighboring countries.
-Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's [[Edo period]].<ref>Lewis, James Bryant. ''Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan,'' p. 269 n. 89, citing ''Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu'' (1996) by Na Chongpu.</ref>  A diplomatic mission conventionally consisted of three envoys—the main envoy, the vice-envoy, and a document official. Also included were one or more official writers or recorders who created a detailed account of the mission.<ref>Walraven, Boudewign ''et al.'' (2007).  ''Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies,'' p. 362.</ref>  Artists were also included in the diplomatic delegation.
+Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's [[Edo period]].<ref>Lewis, James Bryant. ''Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan'', p. 269 n. 89, citing ''Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu'' (1996) by Na Chongpu.</ref>  A diplomatic mission conventionally consisted of three envoys—the main envoy, the vice-envoy, and a document official. Also included were one or more official writers or recorders who created a detailed account of the mission.<ref>Walraven, Boudewign ''et al.'' (2007).  ''Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies'', p. 362.</ref>  Artists were also included in the diplomatic delegation.
-Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese ''shōguns'' of almost equal ranking. Although Japan was ruled by an emperor, and not a king, the most ''shoguns'' were represented as "tycoon of Japan" in many foreign communications in order to avoid the conflict with the [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric world order]] in which the [[emperor of China]] was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".<ref>Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA206&dq=  ''Diplomacy and Ideology,'' p. 206.]</ref>
+Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese ''shōguns'' of almost equal ranking. Although Japan was ruled by an emperor, and not a king, the most ''shoguns'' were represented as "tycoon of Japan" in many foreign communications in order to avoid the conflict with the [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric world order]] in which the [[emperor of China]] was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".<ref>Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA206&dq=  ''Diplomacy and Ideology'', p. 206.]</ref>
 The history of Yi diplomacy can be parsed in four parts: (a) before the Japanese invasions in 1592–1598; (b) in the context of the invasion; (c) after the invasion; and (d) in modern times.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==Joseon missions to the Muromachi shogunate==
 {{See also|Joseon Tongsinsa#15th–16th century diplomatic ventures}}
-The Joseon diplomatic contacts and communication with Japan encompassed formal embassies to the [[Ashikaga shogunate|Muromachi bakufu]].<ref name="kang275">Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275&dq=1443+hwang+yun-gil&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=1443%20hwang%20yun-gil&f=false  ''Diplomacy and Ideology,'' p. 275.]</ref> Joseon diplomacy also included the more frequent and less formal exchanges with the Japanese ''daimyo'' (feudal lord) of [[Tsushima Island]].
+The Joseon diplomatic contacts and communication with Japan encompassed formal embassies to the [[Ashikaga shogunate|Muromachi bakufu]].<ref name="kang275">Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275&dq=1443+hwang+yun-gil&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=1443%20hwang%20yun-gil&f=false  ''Diplomacy and Ideology'', p. 275.]</ref> Joseon diplomacy also included the more frequent and less formal exchanges with the Japanese ''daimyo'' (feudal lord) of [[Tsushima Island]].
 In addition, trade missions between merchants of the area were commonplace.  For example, more than 60 trade missions per year marked the period from 1450 through 1500.<ref>Ferris, William. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oEkewem1LBYC&pg=PT181&dq=  ''Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History'', 181.]</ref>
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 ===1432===
-In the 14th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.<ref name="lee268">Lee, Sang Oak ''et al.'' (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OQRxAAAAMAAJ&q=1432+envoy+japan&dq=1432+envoy+japan&lr=  ''Perspectives on Korea,'' p. 268.]</ref>
+In the 14th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.<ref name="lee268">Lee, Sang Oak ''et al.'' (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OQRxAAAAMAAJ&q=1432+envoy+japan&dq=1432+envoy+japan&lr=  ''Perspectives on Korea'', p. 268.]</ref>
 ===1439===
@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
 |1596
 |Seonjo
-|[[Hwang Sin]]<ref name="palais83">Palais, James B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kwpSxkUYCSAC&pg=PA83&dq=  ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty,'' p. 83;] n.b., this source equates the term "formal ambassador" with "tongsinsa," without reference to signifying "normalized" bilateral relations.</ref>
+|[[Hwang Sin]]<ref name="palais83">Palais, James B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kwpSxkUYCSAC&pg=PA83&dq=  ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty'', p. 83;] n.b., this source equates the term "formal ambassador" with "tongsinsa," without reference to signifying "normalized" bilateral relations.</ref>
 |Toyotomi Hideyoshi
-|align="left" | Negotiating end of hostilities, withdrawal of invading Japanese forces.<ref>Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA225&dq=1596+hwang+sin&lr=&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=1596%20hwang%20sin&f=false  ''Diplomacy and Ideology,'' p. 225.]</ref>
+|align="left" | Negotiating end of hostilities, withdrawal of invading Japanese forces.<ref>Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA225&dq=1596+hwang+sin&lr=&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=1596%20hwang%20sin&f=false  ''Diplomacy and Ideology'', p. 225.]</ref>
 |}
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 ==Joseon missions to the Tokugawa shogunate==
 {{main|Joseon Tongsinsa#17th-19th century diplomatic ventures}}
-After the Japanese invaders were repulsed, the new Yi-Tokugawa diplomatic relations developed in a somewhat different manner than in earlier years<ref>Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA44&dq=  ''The Korean struggle for International identity,'' p. 44.]</ref>
+After the Japanese invaders were repulsed, the new Yi-Tokugawa diplomatic relations developed in a somewhat different manner than in earlier years<ref>Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA44&dq=  ''The Korean struggle for International identity'', p. 44.]</ref>
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 ===1607===
-In the 40th year of the reign of King [[Seonjo of Joseon]],<ref name="history foundation1607"/> representatives of the Joseon court were dispatched to Japan.  This diplomatic mission functioned to the advantage of both the Japanese and the Koreans as a channel for developing a political foundation for trade.<ref name="walker48">Walker, [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/609/1/V10N2Walker.pdf p. 48;] Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B6_5gb3W1SsC&pg=PA85&dq=envoy+joseon+japan&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=envoy%20joseon%20japan&f=false  "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West," pp. 85–116] in ''Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien.''</ref>  This embassy traveled to Edo for an audience with Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] in the 12th year of ''[[Keicho]],'' according to the [[Japanese era name]] in use at this time.<ref name="history foundation1607"/>  [[Yŏ Ugil]] was the chief Joseon envoy;<ref name="kang144">Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA144&dq=   ''Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 144.]</ref> and there was 467 others accompanying him.<ref name="history foundation1607"/>
+In the 40th year of the reign of King [[Seonjo of Joseon]],<ref name="history foundation1607"/> representatives of the Joseon court were dispatched to Japan.  This diplomatic mission functioned to the advantage of both the Japanese and the Koreans as a channel for developing a political foundation for trade.<ref name="walker48">Walker, [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/609/1/V10N2Walker.pdf p. 48;] Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B6_5gb3W1SsC&pg=PA85&dq=envoy+joseon+japan&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=envoy%20joseon%20japan&f=false  "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West," pp. 85–116] in ''Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien.''</ref>  This embassy traveled to Edo for an audience with Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] in the 12th year of ''[[Keicho]]'', according to the [[Japanese era name]] in use at this time.<ref name="history foundation1607"/>  [[Yŏ Ugil]] was the chief Joseon envoy;<ref name="kang144">Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA144&dq=   ''Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 144.]</ref> and there was 467 others accompanying him.<ref name="history foundation1607"/>
 ===1617===
@@ Line 303: / Line 303: @@
 ===1764===
-In the 40th year of King Yeongjo's reign, a diplomatic envoy was dispatched to Japan.<ref name="history foundation1764"/>  This mission to the shogunal court of [[Tokugawa Ieharu]] arrived in the shogunal capital the 1st year of ''[[Meiwa]]'', as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.<ref>Titsingh, p. 419.</ref>  [[Jo Eom]] was the chief envoy in 1764;<ref name="walraven359">Walraven, p. 359.</ref> and 477 traveled with him.<ref name="history foundation1764"/> The renowned [[Edo period]] poet [[Fukuda Chiyo-ni]] was chosen to prepare the official Japanese gift presented to the Korean Delegation, and she crafted and delivered 21 artworks based on her 21 [[haiku]].<ref>[http://haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/english/about/ haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp]</ref> This ambassador is important historical figure because he is credited with introducing [[sweet potato]]es as a food crop in Korea.<ref>Kim, Jinwung. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255&dq= ''A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict,'' p. 255].</ref>  The "new" food staple was encountered during the course of this diplomatic mission.<ref>Wiwŏnhoe, p. 305.</ref>
+In the 40th year of King Yeongjo's reign, a diplomatic envoy was dispatched to Japan.<ref name="history foundation1764"/>  This mission to the shogunal court of [[Tokugawa Ieharu]] arrived in the shogunal capital the 1st year of ''[[Meiwa]]'', as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.<ref>Titsingh, p. 419.</ref>  [[Jo Eom]] was the chief envoy in 1764;<ref name="walraven359">Walraven, p. 359.</ref> and 477 traveled with him.<ref name="history foundation1764"/> The renowned [[Edo period]] poet [[Fukuda Chiyo-ni]] was chosen to prepare the official Japanese gift presented to the Korean Delegation, and she crafted and delivered 21 artworks based on her 21 [[haiku]].<ref>[http://haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/english/about/ haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp]</ref> This ambassador is important historical figure because he is credited with introducing [[sweet potato]]es as a food crop in Korea.<ref>Kim, Jinwung. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255&dq= ''A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict'', p. 255].</ref>  The "new" food staple was encountered during the course of this diplomatic mission.<ref>Wiwŏnhoe, p. 305.</ref>
 ===1811===
@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 ==Joseon-Japan diplomacy adapting==
-Joseon-Japanese bilateral relations were affected by the increasing numbers of international contacts which required adaptation and a new kind of diplomacy.<ref name="kang38-78">Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA38&dq=  ''Struggle for Identity,'' pp. 38–78.]</ref>
+Joseon-Japanese bilateral relations were affected by the increasing numbers of international contacts which required adaptation and a new kind of diplomacy.<ref name="kang38-78">Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA38&dq=  ''Struggle for Identity'', pp. 38–78.]</ref>
 ===1876===
@@ Line 327: / Line 327: @@
 * Ferris, William Wayne. (2009). ''Japan to 1600: a Social and Economic History.'' Honolulu: [[University of Hawaii Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3379-4}}
 * [[John Whitney Hall|Hall]], John Whitney. (1997). ''The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan.'' Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22355-3}}; {{OCLC|174552485}}
-* {{ko icon}} 한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (''Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip,'' Vol. 6). 경인문화사. {{ISBN|978-89-499-0308-8}}.
+* {{ko icon}} 한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (''Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip'', Vol. 6). 경인문화사. {{ISBN|978-89-499-0308-8}}.
 * Hussain, Tariq. (2006). ''Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century.'' (다이아몬드딜레마). Seoul: [[Random House]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4303-0641-2}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180102797 OCLC 180102797 {{en icon}};] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67712109 OCLC 67712109 {{ko icon}}]
 * Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century.'' Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-312-17370-8}}; {{OCLC|243874305}}

v t e Joseon
Korean state (1392–1897)
History	Tsushima expedition Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) Manchu invasions of Korea (First, Second) 19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea Treaty of Ganghwa Imo Incident Gapsin Coup Donghak Peasant Revolution Gabo Reform Assassination of Empress Myeongseong Korean Empire
Politics	Political factions during the Joseon dynasty Korean literati purges
Government	List of kings of Joseon State Council of Joseon Six Ministries of Joseon Three offices of Joseon Border Defense Council of Joseon Secret royal inspector Joseon Army late 19th century Joseon Navy
Society	Styles and titles Neo-Confucianism Caste system in Korea Seonbi Kisaeng
Culture	Education in Joseon Five Grand Palaces Hanbok Hangul Buncheong Joseon white porcelain Korean tea ceremony Korean garden Sungkyunkwan Chaekgeori Minhwa
Cultural heritages	Changdeokgung Jongmyo Namhansanseong Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty Villages of Hahoe and Yangdong Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty Hunminjeongeum Ilseongnok Nanjung ilgi Seungjeongwon ilgi Uigwe
Foreign relations	1883 Korean special mission to the United States Joseon missions to China Joseon missions to Japan Joseon Tongsinsa