Miniature horse: Difference between revisions

Miniature Horse
	Miniature horse at show in Europe
Other names	Mini horse Mini ponies
Traits
Distinguishing features	Small size, with horse phenotype 34–38 inches (86–97 cm) as measured at the last hairs of the mane
	Equus ferus caballus;

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Miniature horses are found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas. The designation of miniature horse is determined by the height of the animal. Depending on the particular breed registry involved, is usually less than 34–38 inches (86–97 cm) as measured at the last hairs of the mane, which are found at the withers. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small pony, many retain horse characteristics and are considered "horses" by their respective registries. They have various colors and coat patterns.

Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they are often kept as family pets, though they still retain natural horse behavior, including a natural fight or flight instinct, and must be treated like an equine, even if they primarily serve as a companion animal. They are also trained as service animals, akin to assistance dogs for people with disabilities. Miniature horses are also trained for driving, equine agility, and other competitive horse show type events.

Characteristics and registration

There are two registries in the United States for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the Miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.^[1]^[2] Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.^[3] The AMHR is a division of the American Shetland pony Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.^[4] Worldwide, there are dozens of miniature horse registries. Some organizations emphasize breeding of miniatures with horse characteristics, others encourage minis to retain pony characteristics. Along with registries for miniature horses in general, there are also breed-specific registries, such as several for the Falabella horse.^[5]

In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38 inches at the withers (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses 34 inches (86 cm) and under, and the "B" division for horses 34 to 38 inches (86 to 97 cm).^[6] The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or coat color, and any form of white markings, are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.^[1] According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."^[4]

They are generally quite hardy, often living longer on average than some full-sized horse breeds; the average life span of miniature horses is from 25 to 35 years.^[7] However, there are also some health issues that are more frequently found in miniature horses than their full-sized relatives. Overfeeding is a common problem in miniature horses, leading to obesity; this is especially true when owners are used to owning full-sized horses. Dental issues, including crowding, brachygnathism (overbites) and prognathism (underbites) are frequently seen, due to having the same number of teeth in a much smaller mouth. They can also experience retention of deciduous teeth (baby teeth) and sinus problems from overcrowding. The combination of a propensity for overeating and dental problems can lead to an increased occurrence of colic. A major metabolic problem seen more frequently in miniature horses is hyperlipemia, where an appetite-reducing stressor can cause the body to break down significant amounts of fat, overwhelming the liver and potentially leading to liver failure. Reproduction is also more difficult in miniature horses, with a higher incidence of difficult births and a greater potential for eclampsia. The majority of the health problems seen more frequently in miniature horses are easily rectified with proper feeding and maintenance.^[8]

History

Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.^[9] The English began using small ponies in their mines after the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. Shetland ponies were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as pit ponies. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was 24 inches (61 cm) tall.^[2] Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.^[10] These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.^[2] In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.^[10]

The Falabella was originally developed in Argentina in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the Welsh Pony, Shetland pony, and small Thoroughbreds. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.^[11]

The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of conformations represented in its population. Some resemble miniature Arabians, while others appear to be scaled-down versions of draft horses.^[12] Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in Lindley, South Africa. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.^[13]

Uses

There are many horse show opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including halter (horse conformation), in-hand hunter and jumper, driving, liberty, costume, obstacle or trail classes, and showmanship. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, elderly people, and people who are blind or have other disabilities, as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.^[9] While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.^[14]

Controversies

Horse or pony?

There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess horse or pony characteristics. This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners. While technically any member of Equus ferus caballus under 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse phenotype and their breed registry therefore classifies them as horses.^{[citation needed]}

Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.^[15] Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as Falabella. The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.^[16]

Dwarfism

Dwarfism is a concern within the miniature horse world. Dwarf horses, while often setting world records for size, are not considered to have desirable traits, generally have incorrect conformation, and may have significant health and soundness issues.^[8] Therefore, many miniature horse registries try to avoid accepting minis affected by dwarfism for breeding stock registration.^[17] In 2014, a commercial DNA test became available for one set of dwarfism mutations. The four mutations of the ACAN gene are known to cause dwarfism or aborted fetuses in miniature horses. The test does not detect the mutations that cause skeletal atavism in miniature horses and some ponies, or the osteochondrodysplasia dwarfism seen in some horse breeds.^[18]

The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of North Carolina and lived to be over 50.^[7] The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, Thumbelina, who is fully mature but stands 17 inches (43 cm) tall and weighs 60 pounds (27 kg). Though she has received considerable publicity, her owners have publicly stated that she will not be bred.^[19] In 2010 a 6-pound (2.7 kg) miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.^[20]

Assistance animals

There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as assistance animals for persons with disabilities. Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from Muslim cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.^[21]

Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are prey animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.^{[citation needed]} In the USA, where they are legally classified as livestock and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations. In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book", American Miniature Horse Association, page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 168–170. ISBN 1580176135.
^ "Approved Clubs"., American Miniature Horse Association. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own," Archived December 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club Accessed January 17, 2007
^ "The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries". The Guide Horse Foundation. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ "American Miniature Horse" Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Miniature Horse Facts", Guide Horse Foundation. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse". The Horse. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "American Miniature Horse". International Museum of the Horse. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "About the Breed". Archived April 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine American Miniature Horse Association. Accessed April 30, 2014.
^ Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 9780806138848.
^ Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 385. ISBN 9780806138848.
^ "History" Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa. Accessed April 28, 2014
^ "Horses in the house". Guide Horse Foundation. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
^ Mini Horse History Archived 21 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable source?]}
^ List of Miniature Horse Registries Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Ashby, Barbara. "Dwarfism in Miniature Horses." Miniature Horse World,, p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.
^ "Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses", The Horse, April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.
^ "Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse," Daily Mail, October 8, 2006
^ Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm, Boston Herald, retrieved February 8, 2012
^ Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman, MSNBC, retrieved February 8, 2012

External links

[AMHA-1] "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book", American Miniature Horse Association, page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[Dutson-2] Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 168–170. ISBN 1580176135.

[3] "Approved Clubs"., American Miniature Horse Association. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[shetland_pony-4] "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own," Archived December 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club Accessed January 17, 2007

[5] "The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries". The Guide Horse Foundation. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[AMHR-6] "American Miniature Horse" Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[facts-7] "Miniature Horse Facts", Guide Horse Foundation. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[TheHorseMini-8] "The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse". The Horse. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.

[IMH-9] "American Miniature Horse". International Museum of the Horse. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[AMHAHistory-10] "About the Breed". Archived April 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine American Miniature Horse Association. Accessed April 30, 2014.

[11] Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 9780806138848.

[12] Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 385. ISBN 9780806138848.

[13] "History" Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa. Accessed April 28, 2014

[14] "Horses in the house". Guide Horse Foundation. Retrieved April 28, 2014.

[15] Mini Horse History Archived 21 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable source?]}

[16] List of Miniature Horse Registries Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable source?]}

[17] Ashby, Barbara. "Dwarfism in Miniature Horses." Miniature Horse World,, p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.

[18] "Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses", The Horse, April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.

[19] "Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse," Daily Mail, October 8, 2006

[20] Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm, Boston Herald, retrieved February 8, 2012

[21] Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman, MSNBC, retrieved February 8, 2012

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<!-- Begin Infobox horse.  The text of the article should go AFTER this section. See: -->
+<!-- Begin Infobox horse. The text of the article should go AFTER this section. See: -->
 <!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template talk:Infobox horse -->
 <!-- for full explanation of the syntax used in this template. -->
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
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-'''Miniature horses''' are found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas. The designation of miniature horse is determined by the height of the animal. Depending on the particular [[breed registry]] involved, is usually less than {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} as measured at the last hairs of the [[mane (horse)|mane]], which are found at the [[withers]]. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small [[pony]], many retain [[horse]] characteristics and are considered "horses" by their respective registries.   They have various colors and coat patterns.
+'''Miniature horses''' are found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas. The designation of miniature horse is determined by the height of the animal. Depending on the particular [[breed registry]] involved, is usually less than {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} as measured at the last hairs of the [[mane (horse)|mane]], which are found at the [[withers]]. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small [[pony]], many retain [[horse]] characteristics and are considered "horses" by their respective registries. They have various colors and coat patterns.
-Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they are often kept as family pets, though they still retain natural [[horse behavior]], including a natural [[fight-or-flight response|fight or flight]] instinct, and must be treated like an equine, even if they primarily serve as a [[pet|companion animal]]. They are also trained as [[service animal]]s, akin to [[assistance dog]]s for people with disabilities.  Miniature horses are also trained for [[driving (horse)|driving]], [[equine agility]], and other competitive [[horse show]] type events.
+Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they are often kept as family pets, though they still retain natural [[horse behavior]], including a natural [[fight-or-flight response|fight or flight]] instinct, and must be treated like an equine, even if they primarily serve as a [[pet|companion animal]]. They are also trained as [[service animal]]s, akin to [[assistance dog]]s for people with disabilities. Miniature horses are also trained for [[driving (horse)|driving]], [[equine agility]], and other competitive [[horse show]] type events.
 ==Characteristics and registration==
 [[File:Charming.JPG|thumb|Miniature horse stallion]]
-There are two registries in the [[United States]] for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the Miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.<ref name="AMHA"/><ref name=Dutson/> Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.<ref>[http://www.amha.org/member-services/approved-clubs "Approved Clubs".], ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHR is a division of the American [[Shetland pony]] Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.<ref name="shetland pony">[http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214052642/http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm |date=2006-12-14 }} ''The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club'' Accessed January 17, 2007</ref>
+There are two registries in the [[United States]] for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the Miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.<ref name="AMHA"/><ref name=Dutson/> Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.<ref>[http://www.amha.org/member-services/approved-clubs "Approved Clubs".], ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHR is a division of the American [[Shetland pony]] Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.<ref name="shetland pony">[http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214052642/http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm |date=December 14, 2006}} ''The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club'' Accessed January 17, 2007</ref>
 Worldwide, there are dozens of miniature horse registries. Some organizations emphasize breeding of miniatures with horse characteristics, others encourage minis to retain pony characteristics. Along with registries for miniature horses in general, there are also breed-specific registries, such as several for the [[Falabella]] horse.<ref>[http://www.guidehorse.com/registry.htm "The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries".] ''The Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
-In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38&nbsp;inches at the [[withers]] (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses {{convert|34|in|cm}} and under, and the "B" division for horses {{convert|34|to|38|in|cm}}.<ref name="AMHR">[http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html "American Miniature Horse"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051100/http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html |date=2014-04-29 }}, ''American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or [[equine coat color|coat color]], and any form of [[horse markings|white markings]], are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.<ref name="AMHA">[http://www.amha.org/docs/default-source/Rule-Book/2014_amha_rulebook_web.pdf?sfvrsn=0 "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book"], ''American Miniature Horse Association'', page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."<ref name="shetland pony"/>
+In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38&nbsp;inches at the [[withers]] (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses {{convert|34|in|cm}} and under, and the "B" division for horses {{convert|34|to|38|in|cm}}.<ref name="AMHR">[http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html "American Miniature Horse"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051100/http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html |date=April 29, 2014}}, ''American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or [[equine coat color|coat color]], and any form of [[horse markings|white markings]], are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.<ref name="AMHA">[http://www.amha.org/docs/default-source/Rule-Book/2014_amha_rulebook_web.pdf?sfvrsn=0 "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book"], ''American Miniature Horse Association'', page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."<ref name="shetland pony"/>
 They are generally quite hardy, often living longer on average than some full-sized horse breeds; the average life span of miniature horses is from 25 to 35 years.<ref name="facts">[http://www.guidehorse.com/faq_horses.htm "Miniature Horse Facts"], ''Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> However, there are also some health issues that are more frequently found in miniature horses than their full-sized relatives. Overfeeding is a common problem in miniature horses, leading to obesity; this is especially true when owners are used to owning full-sized horses. Dental issues, including crowding, [[brachygnathism]] (overbites) and [[prognathism]] (underbites) are frequently seen, due to having the same number of teeth in a much smaller mouth. They can also experience retention of [[deciduous teeth]] (baby teeth) and sinus problems from overcrowding. The combination of a propensity for overeating and dental problems can lead to an increased occurrence of [[horse colic|colic]]. A major metabolic problem seen more frequently in miniature horses is [[hyperlipemia]], where an appetite-reducing stressor can cause the body to break down significant amounts of fat, overwhelming the liver and potentially leading to liver failure. Reproduction is also more difficult in miniature horses, with a higher incidence of difficult births and a greater potential for [[eclampsia]]. The majority of the health problems seen more frequently in miniature horses are easily rectified with proper feeding and maintenance.<ref name=TheHorseMini/>
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:Mini-ponei(REFON).jpg|thumb|Miniature stallion with mares and foals]]
-Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.<ref name=IMH>[http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/american-miniature-horse "American Miniature Horse".] ''International Museum of the Horse''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The English began using small ponies in their mines after the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. [[Shetland pony|Shetland ponies]] were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as [[pit pony|pit ponies]]. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was {{convert|24|in|cm}} tall.<ref name=Dutson/> Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.<ref name=AMHAHistory>[http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 "About the Breed".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072245/http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 |date=2013-04-01 }} ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.<ref name=Dutson>{{cite book|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America|author=Dutson, Judith|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1580176135|pages=168–170}}</ref> In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.<ref name=AMHAHistory/>
+Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.<ref name=IMH>[http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/american-miniature-horse "American Miniature Horse".] ''International Museum of the Horse''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The English began using small ponies in their mines after the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. [[Shetland pony|Shetland ponies]] were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as [[pit pony|pit ponies]]. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was {{convert|24|in|cm}} tall.<ref name=Dutson/> Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.<ref name=AMHAHistory>[http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 "About the Breed".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072245/http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 |date=April 1, 2013}} ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.<ref name=Dutson>{{cite book|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America|author=Dutson, Judith|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1580176135|pages=168–170}}</ref> In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.<ref name=AMHAHistory/>
-The [[Falabella (horse)|Falabella miniature horse]] was originally developed in [[Argentina]] in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the [[Welsh Pony]], [[Shetland pony]], and small [[Thoroughbreds]]. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|pages=183–184}}</ref>
+The [[Falabella]] was originally developed in [[Argentina]] in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the [[Welsh Pony]], [[Shetland pony]], and small [[Thoroughbreds]]. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|pages=183–184}}</ref>
-The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of [[equine conformation|conformations]] represented in its population. Some resemble miniature [[Arabian horse|Arabians]], while others appear to be scaled-down versions of [[draft horse]]s.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|page=385}}</ref> Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in [[Lindley, Free State|Lindley, South Africa]]. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.<ref>[http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 "History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814042428/http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 |date=2011-08-14 }}, ''Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
+The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of [[equine conformation|conformations]] represented in its population. Some resemble miniature [[Arabian horse|Arabians]], while others appear to be scaled-down versions of [[draft horse]]s.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|page=385}}</ref> Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in [[Lindley, Free State|Lindley, South Africa]]. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.<ref>[http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 "History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814042428/http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 |date=August 14, 2011}}, ''Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa''. Accessed April 28, 2014</ref>
 ==Uses==
 [[File:Miniature Horse Show.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Miniature horses at a [[horse show]].]]
-There are many [[horse show]] opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including [[Halter (horse show)|halter]] ([[horse conformation]]), in-hand hunter and jumper, [[driving (horse)|driving]], liberty, costume, obstacle or [[trail class]]es, and [[horse showmanship|showmanship]]. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, the elderly, [[Service animal|handicapped]] and [[Guide horse|blind]], as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.<ref name=IMH/> While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.<ref>[http://www.guidehorse.com/horses_house.htm "Horses in the house."] ''Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
+There are many [[horse show]] opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including [[Halter (horse show)|halter]] ([[horse conformation]]), in-hand hunter and jumper, [[driving (horse)|driving]], liberty, costume, obstacle or [[trail class]]es, and [[horse showmanship|showmanship]]. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, elderly people, and people who are [[Guide horse|blind]] or have [[Service animal|other disabilities]], as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.<ref name=IMH/> While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guidehorse.com/horses_house.htm |title=Horses in the house |publisher=Guide Horse Foundation |accessdate=April 28, 2014}}</ref>
 ==Controversies==
 ===Horse or pony?===
-There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess [[horse]] or [[pony]] characteristics.  This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners.  While technically any member of ''[[Horse|Equus ferus caballus]]'' under {{hands|14.2}} is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse [[phenotype]] and their [[breed registry]] therefore classifies them as horses.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
+There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess [[horse]] or [[pony]] characteristics. This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners. While technically any member of ''[[Horse|Equus ferus caballus]]'' under {{hands|14.2}} is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse [[phenotype]] and their [[breed registry]] therefore classifies them as horses.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
-Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html  Mini Horse History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121182047/http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html |date=2007-01-21 }}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref>  Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as [[Falabella (horse)|Falabella]].  The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html List of Miniature Horse Registries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428092249/http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html |date=2007-04-28 }}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref>
+Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html Mini Horse History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070121182047/http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html |date=21 January 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref> Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as [[Falabella (horse)|Falabella]]. The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html List of Miniature Horse Registries] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428092249/http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html |date=28 April 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref>
 ===Dwarfism===
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 [[Dwarfing|Dwarfism]] is a concern within the miniature horse world. Dwarf horses, while often setting world records for size, are not considered to have desirable traits, generally have incorrect [[horse conformation|conformation]], and may have significant health and soundness issues.<ref name=TheHorseMini>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31198/the-miniature-horse-more-than-just-a-smaller-horse "The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse".] ''The Horse''. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> Therefore, many miniature horse registries try to avoid accepting minis affected by dwarfism for breeding stock registration.<ref>Ashby, Barbara. [http://ltlamerica.tripod.com/dwarfism.html "Dwarfism in Miniature Horses."] ''Miniature Horse World,'', p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.<!--This is a linkvio, as we are linking to a copyright violation. Needs to have the url replaced with one licensed to MHW, or the url needs to be removed--></ref> In 2014, a commercial DNA test became available for one set of dwarfism mutations. The four mutations of the [[ACAN (gene)|ACAN gene]] are known to cause dwarfism or aborted fetuses in miniature horses. The test does not detect the mutations that cause skeletal [[atavism]] in miniature horses and some ponies, or the [[osteochondrodysplasia]] dwarfism seen in some horse breeds.<ref>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/33767/testing-available-for-dwarfism-gene-in-miniature-horses "Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses"], ''The Horse'', April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
-The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of [[North Carolina]] and lived to be over 50.<ref name="facts"/>  The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], who is fully mature but stands {{convert|17|in|cm}} tall and weighs {{convert|60|lb}}.  Though she has received considerable publicity, her owners have publicly stated that she will not be bred.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=409317&in_page_id=1770 "Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse,"] ''Daily Mail,'' October 8, 2006</ref>  In 2010 a {{convert|6|lb|adj=on}} miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.<ref>[http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/northeast/view.bg?articleid=1250052&srvc=rss Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm], ''Boston Herald'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
+The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of [[North Carolina]] and lived to be over 50.<ref name="facts"/> The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], who is fully mature but stands {{convert|17|in|cm}} tall and weighs {{convert|60|lb}}. Though she has received considerable publicity, her owners have publicly stated that she will not be bred.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=409317&in_page_id=1770 "Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse,"] ''Daily Mail,'' October 8, 2006</ref> In 2010 a {{convert|6|lb|adj=on}} miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.<ref>[http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/northeast/view.bg?articleid=1250052&srvc=rss Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm], ''Boston Herald'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
 ===Assistance animals===
 [[File:Guide horse.jpg|thumb|upright|A demonstration image of a miniature horse working as a service animal]]
 {{See also|Guide horse}}
-There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as [[assistance animal]]s for persons with disabilities.  Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from [[Muslim]] cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30155540/ns/health-health_care/ Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman], ''MSNBC'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>  Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are [[prey]] animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}   In the US, where they are legally classified as [[livestock]] and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations.<!--cite to articles explaining same--> In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
+There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as [[assistance animal]]s for persons with disabilities. Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from [[Muslim]] cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30155540/ns/health-health_care/ Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman], ''MSNBC'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
+Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are [[prey]] animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} In the USA, where they are legally classified as [[livestock]] and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations.<!--cite to articles explaining same--> In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
 <!--good article to work in as a source in this section, balanced... http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=10993 -->

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