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Foreign Armies East, or Fremde Heere Ost (FHO), was a military intelligence organization of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), the Supreme High Command of the German Army during World War II.^[1] It focused on analyzing the Soviet Union and other East European countries before and during the war.^[2]^[3]

Establishment

Fremde Heere Ost was established on 10 November 1938 as 12 Department of the General Staff of the Army, attached to the section Senior Quatermaster IV (Template:Lang-de) It was commanded by Oberstleutnant Eberhard Kinzel from November 1938 to March 1942. Oberstleutnant Reinhard Gehlen replaced Kinzel on 1 April 1942 on the orders of Chief of the General Staff, General Franz Halder, with an initial staffing of about 35 people.^[4]

1942

Gehlen predicted the downfall of the Nazi state, and the coming Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. He planned to preserve his office of the FHO and then present it to the US as a sort of gift.^[5]

End of World War II

As the war ended, Gehlen hid himself, his staff and his microfilmed files in the chaos of the downfall of Hitler's government. General William Wilson Quinn of the US Seventh Army, recognized Gehlen's name from a report by Allen Dulles of the OSS. He ensured Gehlen and his material were brought to the attention of the US government.^[6]

Gehlen revealed his plan for Foreign Armies East to Captain John Boker of US Military Intelligence, who persuaded General Edwin Sibert of USFET to listen to Gehlen.^[7] The J-2 staff of the Pentagon was also involved. These operations eventually led to the formation of Operation X, Operation Rusty, 'the Organization', 'the Org', and finally, the 'Gehlen Organization'.^[8]

The Gehlen Organization became a powerful spy ring during the early years of the Cold War. Eventually, this organization was transformed into the Bundesnachrichtendienst, or BND, West Germany's intelligence service.^[9]

Many of the controversial aspects of Gehlen and his organization, such as its links to old Nazis, and its infiltration by Eastern bloc agents, were later described by Heinz Höhne & Hermann Zolling, in articles and a book, The General Was a Spy.^[2]

References

^ Thomas, David (April 1987). "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941-45". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 261–301. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b The General was a Spy, The Truth about General Gehlen - 20th Century Superspy. Höhne, Heinz & Zolling, Hermann, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc. 1972.
^ Partners at the creation: the men behind postwar Germany's defense and intelligence establishments James H. Critchfield, Naval Institute Press, 2003
^ Critchfield, p 24
^ Critchfield, p 24-27
^ Critchfield, p 29
^ Critchfield, p 30
^ Critchfield, p 32
^ Critchfield, p 21, 22, et al

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 ==Establishment==
-Fremde Heere Ost was established on 10 November 1938 as 12 Department of the General Staff of the Army, attached to the section Senior Quatermaster IV ({{lang-de|Oberquartiermeister IV}}) It was commanded by [[Oberstleutnant]] [[Eberhard Kinzel]] from November 1938 to March 1942. [[Reinhard Gehlen]]
+Fremde Heere Ost was established on 10 November 1938 as 12 Department of the General Staff of the Army, attached to the section Senior Quatermaster IV ({{lang-de|Oberquartiermeister IV}}) It was commanded by [[Oberstleutnant]] [[Eberhard Kinzel]] from November 1938 to March 1942. [[Oberstleutnant]] [[Reinhard Gehlen]] replaced Kinzel on 1 April 1942 on the orders of Chief of the General Staff, General [[Franz Halder]], with an initial staffing of about 35 people.<ref>Critchfield, p 24</ref>
 ==1942==
-Starting in 1942, it was run by [[Reinhard Gehlen]], and employed about 35 people.<ref>Critchfield, p 24</ref> Gehlen predicted the downfall of the [[Nazi]] state, and the coming [[Cold War]] between the [[US]] and the Soviet Union. He planned to preserve his office of the FHO and then present it to the US as a sort of gift.<ref>Critchfield, p 24-27</ref>
+ Gehlen predicted the downfall of the [[Nazi]] state, and the coming [[Cold War]] between the [[US]] and the Soviet Union. He planned to preserve his office of the FHO and then present it to the US as a sort of gift.<ref>Critchfield, p 24-27</ref>
 ==End of World War II==