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*'''''Myxotrichum chartarum''''' is a [[psychrophilic]] [[fungus]] first discovered in [[Germany]], that subsides on paper by [[cellulolytic]] processes.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Nunez2014/><ref name=Tribe2002/> It has [[anamorphs]].<ref name="Currah1985"/>
*'''''Myxotrichum chartarum''''' is a [[psychrophilic]] [[fungus]] first discovered in [[Germany]] by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]] in 1823, that subsides on paper by [[cellulolytic]] processes.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Nunez2014/><ref name=Tribe2002/>


==History and taxonomy==
==History and taxonomy==
*''Myxotrichum chartarum'' was discovered by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]] in 1823.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*''Myxotrichum chartarum'' was discovered by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]] in 1823.<ref name=Orr1963/>


*Originally placed in genus [[Oncidium]] which was used for [[orchid]]s, ''M. chartarum'' was thereafter reclassified by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]].<ref name=Orr1963/> In the same year, the genus[Myxotrichum was established by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]] to include two species, ''M. chartarum'' and [[Myxotrichum murorum]].<ref name=Orr1963/> There has been much confusion within the Myxotrichum genus due to revisions in classification over the years and scarcity of isolations.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Originally placed in genus [[Oncidium]] which was used for [[orchid]]s, ''M. chartarum'' was thereafter reclassified by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]].<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/> In the same year, the genus[Myxotrichum was established by [[Gustav Kunze|Kunze]] to include two species, ''M. chartarum'' and [[Myxotrichum murorum]].<ref name=Orr1963/> There has been much confusion within the Myxotrichum genus due to revisions in classification over the years and scarcity of isolations.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*The genus Myxotrichum became associated with fungi with demitiaceous hyphomycetes to reticuloperidial ascomycetes with hooked appendages.<ref name="Currah1985"/>
*The genus Myxotrichum became associated with fungi with demitiaceous hyphomycetes to reticuloperidial ascomycetes with hooked appendages.<ref name="Currah1985"/>


*In 1838, [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] classified ''M. chartarum'' as a [[Hyphomycete]] of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.<ref name="See1919"/>
*In 1838, [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] classified ''M. chartarum'' as a [[Hyphomycete]] of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.<ref name="See1919"/>
Line 38: Line 38:


==Growth and morphology==
==Growth and morphology==
[[File:10244 sc 36d PH arthroconidia.jpg|thumb|right|Intercalary arthroconidia of Myxotrichum chartarum (UAMH 10244) from colony grown for 36d, photographed in Phase Contrast microscopy]]
[[File:10244 sc 36d PH arthroconidia.jpg|thumb|right|Intercalary arthroconidia of ''Myxotrichum chartarum'' (UAMH 10244) from colony grown for 36d, photographed in Phase Contrast microscopy.]]


*Commonly found in Myxotrichum species, is the secondary and tertiary branching of [[peridium|peridial]] [[hyphae]]. These branches are identified by their lighter colour from the centrum of the fungi, or truncation, due to the fragility of such branching. These truncations were previously thought to have been the release of [[conidiophore]]s, but no evidence was found on conidiophore attachment.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*Commonly found in Myxotrichum species is the secondary and tertiary branching of [[peridium|peridial]] [[hyphae]]. These branches are identified by their lighter colour from the centrum of the fungi, or truncation, due to the fragility of such branching. These truncations were previously thought to have been the release of [[conidiophore]]s, but no evidence was found on conidiophore attachment.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*[[Ascocarp]]s appear dark and spherical with short spines. [[ascocarp#gymnothecium|Gymnothecium]] have appendages that are straight and elongated, with septa. Branching points present as [[uncinate]] or curved spines. The spore mass fills the ascocarps between one-third and three-fourths of the total volume.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*[[Ascocarp]]s appear dark and spherical with short spines. [[ascocarp#gymnothecium|Gymnothecium]] have appendages that are straight and elongated, with septa. Branching points present as [[uncinate]] or curved spines. The spore mass fills the ascocarps between one-third and three-fourths of the total volume.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*The curved spines can attach themselves to fur, allowing the fungus to [[animal dispersal|disperse]].<ref name="See1919"/>
*The curved spines can attach themselves to fur, allowing the fungus to [[animal dispersal|disperse]].<ref name="See1919"/>
*Centrally located centrum is initially pale-white and turns yellow as it matures. Inside are [[ascus|asci]], which are globular and contain 8 spores.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*Centrally-located centrum is initially pale-white and turns yellow as it matures. Contained within are [[ascus|asci]], which are globular and contain 8 spores each.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*[[Ascospore]]s are yellow, with individual spores appearing almost [[hyaline]].<ref name=Orr1963/>
*[[Ascospore]]s are yellow, with individual spores appearing almost [[hyaline]].<ref name=Orr1963/>
*In the [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] stage, [[arthroconidium|artheroaleurispores]] and [[aleuriospore]]s are present.<ref name=Orr1963/>
*In the [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] or [[anamorph]] stage, [[arthroconidium|artheroaleurispores]] and [[aleuriospore]]s are present.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/> These anamorphs may belong to the genii, [[Malbranchea]] and [[Oidiodendron]].<ref name="Currah1985"/>
⚫
*In culture and grown at 25°C, appears yellow and fluffy. Some cultures had areas that were black in appearance, which were due to visible mature ascomata. Growth was restricted at this temperature.<ref name="Currah1985"/><ref name="See1919"/>
*It has an [[anamorph]] with [[conidium|aleurioconidia]] and [[arthroconidia]]. These anamorphs may belong to the genii, [[Malbranchea]] and [[Oidiodendron]].<ref name="Currah1985"/>
⚫
*In culture and grown at 25°C, appears yellow and fluffy. Some cultures had black areas, due to ascomata. Growth was restricted.<ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Produces a red pigment when grown on certain media.<ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Produces a red pigment when grown on certain media.<ref name="Currah1985"/>


==Habitat and ecology==
==Habitat and ecology==
*Habitat: [[paper]], [[cardboard]], [[drywall]], [[straw]], rotting [[wood]], decaying [[leather]], [[cloth]], [[grouse]] [[dung]], [[rabbit]] dung, [[soil]], leaves and fruit.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Sterf2012/><ref name=Nunez2014/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Habitats: [[paper]], [[cardboard]], [[drywall]], [[straw]], rotting [[wood]], decaying [[leather]], [[cloth]], [[grouse]] [[dung]], [[rabbit]] dung, [[soil]], leaves and fruit.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Sterf2012/><ref name=Nunez2014/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Distribution: [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Switzerland]], [[England]], [[Japan]], [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Ontario]], [[New York]].<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Distribution: [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Switzerland]], [[England]], [[Japan]], [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Ontario]], [[New York]].<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Slow growth at 5-7°C; no growth at 37°C.<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Tribe2002/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Slow growth at -2-7°C; no growth at 37°C, so this fungus is [[psychrophillic]].<ref name=Orr1963/><ref name=Tribe2002/><ref name="Currah1985"/>
*Named ''chartarum'' because it was discovered on paper and its ability to decay it.<ref name=Tribe2002/>
*Named ''chartarum'' because it was discovered on the paper of old books, and its ability to decay them.<ref name=Tribe2002/>
⚫
*Grown on mineral salt [[agar]] with a sheet of [[Cellophane]] as the only [[carbon]] source.<ref name=Tribe2002/>
⚫
*Deemed a “material pathogen”, which is not [[opportunistic pathogen|opportunistic]] (disease-causing) and is able to degrade specific materials.<ref name=Sterf2012/>
*Decays paper, so it is cellulolytic fungi.<ref name=Sterf2012/>
*Decays paper, so it is cellulolytic fungi.<ref name=Sterf2012/>
⚫
*Deemed a “material pathogen”, which is not [[opportunistic pathogen|opportunistic]] (disease-causing), but is able to degrade specific materials as a source of nutrition.<ref name=Sterf2012/>
⚫
*Can be grown on mineral salt [[agar]] with a sheet of [[Cellophane]] as the only [[carbon]] source.<ref name=Tribe2002/>
*In basements, preferred [[drywall|gypsum board]] ceilings and building paper on concrete surfaces on the cold side of foundation walls.<ref name=Nunez2014/>
*In basements, preferred [[drywall|gypsum board]] ceilings and building paper on concrete surfaces on the cold side of foundation walls.<ref name=Nunez2014/>
*Likes relative [[humidity]] of >98%.<ref name=Nunez2014/>
*Prefers a relative [[humidity]] of >98%.<ref name=Nunez2014/>
*[[Salinity]] preference unknown, but is probably [[halotolerance|halo-tolerant]].<ref name=Nunez2014/>
*[[Salinity]] preference unknown, but is probably [[halotolerance|halo-tolerant]].<ref name=Nunez2014/>


Revision as of 16:46, 12 October 2018

Myxotrichum chartarum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Subphylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class:
Leotiomycetes
Order:
Onygenales
Family:
Myxotrichaceae
Genus:
Myxotrichum
Species:
M. chartarum
Binomial name
Myxotrichum chartarum
Kunze (1823)
Synonyms
  • Oncidium chartarum Kunze (1823)
  • Actinospira chartarum Corda (1854)
  • Myxotrichum carminoparum Robak (1932)

History and taxonomy

  • Myxotrichum chartarum was discovered by Kunze in 1823.[1]
  • Originally placed in genus Oncidium which was used for orchids, M. chartarum was thereafter reclassified by Kunze.[1][4] In the same year, the genus[Myxotrichum was established by Kunze to include two species, M. chartarum and Myxotrichum murorum.[1] There has been much confusion within the Myxotrichum genus due to revisions in classification over the years and scarcity of isolations.[1][4]
  • The genus Myxotrichum became associated with fungi with demitiaceous hyphomycetes to reticuloperidial ascomycetes with hooked appendages.[4]
  • In 1838, Corda classified M. chartarum as a Hyphomycete of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.[5]
  • In 1875, Fuckel thought M. chartarum was the conidial form of Chaetomium kunzeanum.[5]
  • Fries thought M. chartarum was a state of Chaetonium chartarum. His opinion was supported by Boulanger in 1897.[5]
  • This is due to the high resemblence between Chaetonium and Myxotrichum fungi families due to the ornamental hairs.[5]
  • In 1889, Richon thought M. chartarum was the conidial form of Cephalotheca sulfurea, disputing the claim of Fuckel.[5]
  • In 1892, Rabenhorst classified M. chartarum into the order, Gymnoscacaea.[5] This was later supported by Schroter in 1893.[5] Fischer later recognized the existence of ascospores, but not conidia.[5]
  • The isolate discovered by Robak (1932) of M. carminoparum resembled M. chartarum in every way except in the characteristically flattened apical area. Another isolate was discovered by Udagawa (1963) to have flattened appendages, but the size of the ascomata was smaller, resembling those from M. carminoparum.[4]

Growth and morphology

Intercalary arthroconidia of Myxotrichum chartarum (UAMH 10244) from colony grown for 36d, photographed in Phase Contrast microscopy.
  • Commonly found in Myxotrichum species is the secondary and tertiary branching of peridial hyphae. These branches are identified by their lighter colour from the centrum of the fungi, or truncation, due to the fragility of such branching. These truncations were previously thought to have been the release of conidiophores, but no evidence was found on conidiophore attachment.[1]
  • Ascocarps appear dark and spherical with short spines. Gymnothecium have appendages that are straight and elongated, with septa. Branching points present as uncinate or curved spines. The spore mass fills the ascocarps between one-third and three-fourths of the total volume.[1]
  • The curved spines can attach themselves to fur, allowing the fungus to disperse.[5]
  • Centrally-located centrum is initially pale-white and turns yellow as it matures. Contained within are asci, which are globular and contain 8 spores each.[1]
  • Ascospores are yellow, with individual spores appearing almost hyaline.[1]
  • In the asexual or anamorph stage, artheroaleurispores and aleuriospores are present.[1][4] These anamorphs may belong to the genii, Malbranchea and Oidiodendron.[4]
  • In culture and grown at 25°C, appears yellow and fluffy. Some cultures had areas that were black in appearance, which were due to visible mature ascomata. Growth was restricted at this temperature.[4][5]
  • Produces a red pigment when grown on certain media.[4]

Habitat and ecology

References

[1][2][3][6]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Orr, G F; Kuehn, H H; Plunkett, O A (1963). "THE GENUS MYXOTRICHUM KUNZE". Can J of Botany. 41 (10): 1457-1480. doi:10.1139/b63-127.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Nunez, M; Hammer, H (2014). "Microbial specialists in below‐grade foundation walls in Scandinavia". Int J Indoor Env and Health. 24 (5): 543–551. doi:10.1111/ina.12095.
  3. ^ a b c d e Tribe, H T; Weber, R W S (2002). "A low-temperature fungus from cardboard, Myxotrichum chartarum". Mycologist. 16 (1): 3-5. doi:10.1017/S0269-915X(02)00614-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Currah, R S (1985). . Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae, Myxotrichaceae and Onygenaceae (24 ed.). Mycotaxon. p. 1-216.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j See, P (1919). La florule du papier. - Étude systématique et biologique des champignons chromogènes du papier piqué. Vol. 815. Université de Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Sterflinger, K; Pinzari, F (2012). "The revenge of time: fungal deterioration of cultural heritage with particular reference to books, paper and parchment". Environ Microbiol. 14 (3): 559-66. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02584.x.

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Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Fries1836" is not used in the content (see the help page).
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