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The term '''solarization''' in photography is used to describe the effect observed in cases of extreme overexposure of the negative in the camera. Most likely, the effect was first observed in scenery photographs including the sun (e.q. sol, sun). The sun, instead of being the whitest spot in the image, turned black or grey. [[Minor White]]'s photograph of a winter scene, ''The Black Sun 1955'',<ref>[http://www.boerner.net/jboerner/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/White_TheBlackSun_1955.jpg ''The Black Sun 1955'']</ref> was a result of the shutter of his camera freezing in the open position, resulting in partial overexposure.<ref name=Warren>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Lynne |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography |date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57958-393-4|pages=1459–1460}}</ref> Ansel Adams created an image titled ''Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939)'' by overexposure solarization.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://c300221.r21.cf1.rackcdn.com/the-black-sun-tungsten-hills-owens-valley-california-cleveland-museum-of-art-1391468118_b.jpg |title=''Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939)'' |access-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222222147/http://c300221.r21.cf1.rackcdn.com/the-black-sun-tungsten-hills-owens-valley-california-cleveland-museum-of-art-1391468118_b.jpg |archive-date=2015-12-22 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name=Jolly>{{cite web|last1=Jolly|first1=William L.|title=Solarization Demystified: Historical, Artistic and Technical Aspects of the Sabatier-Effect|url=http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~wljeme/SOUTLINE.htm|accessdate=19 December 2015|date=1997}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
The term '''solarization''' in photography is used to describe the effect observed in cases of extreme overexposure of the negative in the camera. Most likely, the effect was first observed in scenery photographs including the sun (e.q. sol, sun). The sun, instead of being the whitest spot in the image, turned black or grey. [[Minor White]]'s photograph of a winter scene, ''The Black Sun 1955'',<ref>[http://www.boerner.net/jboerner/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/White_TheBlackSun_1955.jpg ''The Black Sun 1955'']</ref> was a result of the shutter of his camera freezing in the open position, resulting in partial overexposure.<ref name=Warren>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Lynne |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography |date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57958-393-4|pages=1459–1460}}</ref> Ansel Adams created an image titled ''Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939)'' by overexposure solarization.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://c300221.r21.cf1.rackcdn.com/the-black-sun-tungsten-hills-owens-valley-california-cleveland-museum-of-art-1391468118_b.jpg |title=''Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939)'' |access-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222222147/http://c300221.r21.cf1.rackcdn.com/the-black-sun-tungsten-hills-owens-valley-california-cleveland-museum-of-art-1391468118_b.jpg |archive-date=2015-12-22 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name=Jolly>{{cite web|last1=Jolly|first1=William L.|title=Solarization Demystified: Historical, Artistic and Technical Aspects of the Sabatier-Effect|url=http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~wljeme/SOUTLINE.htm|accessdate=19 December 2015|date=1997}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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The solarization effect was already known to [[Daguerre]] |
The solarization effect was already known to [[Daguerre]] and is one of the earliest known effects in photography.<ref name="Berg" /> [[John William Draper]] was the first to call the overexposure effect solarisation{{cn|date=January 2019}}. [[John Herschel|J.W.F. Herschel]] already observed the reversal of the image from negative to positive by extreme overexposure in 1840{{cn|date=January 2019}}. The first time the solarization effect was observed (without knowing what it was) was by [[Noël Paymal Lerebours| N.M.P. Lerebours ]] in 1842 when he made a [[daguerreotype]] of an [[image]] of the [[sun]]. The result was seen as unsatisfactorily because the solar disk (image of the sun on the daguerreotype plate) was [[Overexposure|overexposed]] and solarized.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barger |first1=M. Susan |last2=White |first2=William B. |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Baltimore and London |title=The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science |publisher=John Hopkins University Press |date=12 May 2000 |page=85 |isbn=9780801864582 }}</ref>''L. Moser'' reported in 1843: "...that the light in the camera obscura produces at first the well known negative image; with continued action of the light the image turns into a positive image.... and recently I have obtained in fact on occasion a third image which is negative".<ref name="Berg">{{Cite book |title=Die Grundlagen der photographischen Prozesse mit Silberhalogeniden |volume=3 |author=Berg et al |publisher=Akademischer Verlagsgesellschaft |location=Frankfurt am Main |year=1968 |page=1218 |oclc=310490074 |language=German}}</ref> In 1880 Janssen had obtained in the strongest sunlight a repetition of the solarization phenomena.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eder |first1=Josef Maria |title=History of Photography |chapter=LXIX. Photographic Analysis of Movement by Janssen and Marey |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. |year=1972 |page=506 |isbn=978-0-486-23586-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Launay |first1=François |title=The Astronomer Jules Janssen |chapter=The Method of Stellar Circles |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=3YaAup49nqoC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=janssen+solarization&source=bl&ots=voZg3JMgBs&sig=AjsoYs1MKWN6Zpf4zkIk3WjIbUE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSo8O3-93fAhXJZ1AKHcIWC1UQ6AEwBHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=janssen%20solarization&f=false |location=New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |page=116 |isbn=978-146140-697-6 |accessdate=2019-01-08 }}</ref> |
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==Pseudo-solarization== |
==Pseudo-solarization== |
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Revision as of 18:28, 12 January 2019
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The term solarization in photography is used to describe the effect observed in cases of extreme overexposure of the negative in the camera. Most likely, the effect was first observed in scenery photographs including the sun (e.q. sol, sun). The sun, instead of being the whitest spot in the image, turned black or grey. Minor White's photograph of a winter scene, The Black Sun 1955,[1] was a result of the shutter of his camera freezing in the open position, resulting in partial overexposure.[2] Ansel Adams created an image titled Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939) by overexposure solarization.[3][4]
The solarization effect was already known to Daguerre and is one of the earliest known effects in photography.[5] John William Draper was the first to call the overexposure effect solarisation[citation needed]. J.W.F. Herschel already observed the reversal of the image from negative to positive by extreme overexposure in 1840[citation needed]. The first time the solarization effect was observed (without knowing what it was) was by N.M.P. Lerebours in 1842 when he made a daguerreotype of an image of the sun. The result was seen as unsatisfactorily because the solar disk (image of the sun on the daguerreotype plate) was overexposed and solarized.[6]L. Moser reported in 1843: "...that the light in the camera obscura produces at first the well known negative image; with continued action of the light the image turns into a positive image.... and recently I have obtained in fact on occasion a third image which is negative".[5] In 1880 Janssen had obtained in the strongest sunlight a repetition of the solarization phenomena.[7][8]
Pseudo-solarization
Pseudo-solarization is a phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print is wholly or partially reversed in tone. Dark areas appear light or/and light areas appear dark. Solarisation and pseudo-solarisation are quite distinct effects. In many amateur darkroom publications the term "pseudo-solarisation" has been shortened to "solarisation".[9]
References
- ^ The Black Sun 1955
- ^ Warren, Lynne (2005). Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography. New York: Routledge. pp. 1459–1460. ISBN 978-1-57958-393-4.
- ^ "Black Sun, Owens Valley, California (1939)". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Jolly, William L. (1997). "Solarization Demystified: Historical, Artistic and Technical Aspects of the Sabatier-Effect". Retrieved 19 December 2015.[dead link]
- ^ a b Berg; et al. (1968). Die Grundlagen der photographischen Prozesse mit Silberhalogeniden (in German). Vol. 3. Frankfurt am Main: Akademischer Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 1218. OCLC 310490074.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Barger, M. Susan; White, William B. (12 May 2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780801864582.
- ^ Eder, Josef Maria (1972). "LXIX. Photographic Analysis of Movement by Janssen and Marey". History of Photography. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-486-23586-8.
- ^ Launay, François (2012). "The Method of Stellar Circles". The Astronomer Jules Janssen. New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer. p. 116. ISBN 978-146140-697-6. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ^ Lafenty (2016-04-10). "How To Solarize Black and White Photography - The Sabattier Effect". FeltMagnet. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
