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When the Syrian National Coalition declared the YPG a terrorist group in July, Abd al-Hamid Darwish strongly rejected this move. According to him, although the YPG "undoubtedly made mistakes here and there", it had not carried out any [[Human rights in Rojava#Rojava-associated militias|ethnic cleansings]] and on the contrary "made great sacrifices" to protect Syrians of all ethnicities from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aranews.net/2017/08/syrian-kurds-say-attempts-label-ypg-terrorists-will-fail/ |title=Syrian Kurds say attempts to label YPG terrorists will fail |author=|work=[[ARA News]] |date=12 June 2017 |accessdate=29 June 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040109/http://www.aranews.net/2017/08/syrian-kurds-say-attempts-label-ypg-terrorists-will-fail/ |archivedate=1 August 2017 }}</ref> Furthermore, the PDPKS was among the Syrian Kurdish parties that condemned the [[April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq|Turkish airstrikes of April 2017]] against PKK affiliates, including the YPG, in Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kurdane.com/article-5825.html |title=بیانیۀ مشترک احزاب کرد سوریه علیه حملات ترکیه به عفرین و دعوت مردم به اتحاد و حمایت از YPG |trans-title=Joint statement by the Kurdish Kurdish parties against the attacks of Turkey and the invitation of the people to unite and support YPG |author= |work=Kurdane |language=Arabic |date=7 May 2017 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref> Following the death of Jalal Talabani on 3 October 2017, hundreds of PDPKS members gathered in Qamishli to offer their condolences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6f881626-6733-4d81-ae18-13ac415f5b72 |title=Syrian Kurds mourn Iraqi Kurdish leader Talabani in Rojava |author=Hisham Arafat |work=[[Kurdistan 24]] |date=9 October 2017|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref> A few weeks later, Abd al-Hamid Darwish took part in a meeting between the Syrian government, the YPG and several parties of the [[Syrian Democratic Council]] at the [[Russia]]n [[Khmeimim (air base)|Khmeimim airbase]] in [[Latakia Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/33400 |title=Syria's Kurds Voice Hopes for Breakthrough at 'Hemeymim Meeting' |author=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)]] |work=The Syrian Observer |date=17 October 2017|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref>
When the Syrian National Coalition declared the YPG a terrorist group in July, Abd al-Hamid Darwish strongly rejected this move. According to him, although the YPG "undoubtedly made mistakes here and there", it had not carried out any [[Human rights in Rojava#Rojava-associated militias|ethnic cleansings]] and on the contrary "made great sacrifices" to protect Syrians of all ethnicities from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aranews.net/2017/08/syrian-kurds-say-attempts-label-ypg-terrorists-will-fail/ |title=Syrian Kurds say attempts to label YPG terrorists will fail |author=|work=[[ARA News]] |date=12 June 2017 |accessdate=29 June 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040109/http://www.aranews.net/2017/08/syrian-kurds-say-attempts-label-ypg-terrorists-will-fail/ |archivedate=1 August 2017 }}</ref> Furthermore, the PDPKS was among the Syrian Kurdish parties that condemned the [[April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq|Turkish airstrikes of April 2017]] against PKK affiliates, including the YPG, in Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kurdane.com/article-5825.html |title=بیانیۀ مشترک احزاب کرد سوریه علیه حملات ترکیه به عفرین و دعوت مردم به اتحاد و حمایت از YPG |trans-title=Joint statement by the Kurdish Kurdish parties against the attacks of Turkey and the invitation of the people to unite and support YPG |author= |work=Kurdane |language=Arabic |date=7 May 2017 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref> Following the death of Jalal Talabani on 3 October 2017, hundreds of PDPKS members gathered in Qamishli to offer their condolences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6f881626-6733-4d81-ae18-13ac415f5b72 |title=Syrian Kurds mourn Iraqi Kurdish leader Talabani in Rojava |author=Hisham Arafat |work=[[Kurdistan 24]] |date=9 October 2017|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref> A few weeks later, Abd al-Hamid Darwish took part in a meeting between the Syrian government, the YPG and several parties of the [[Syrian Democratic Council]] at the [[Russia]]n [[Khmeimim (air base)|Khmeimim airbase]] in [[Latakia Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/33400 |title=Syria's Kurds Voice Hopes for Breakthrough at 'Hemeymim Meeting' |author=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)]] |work=The Syrian Observer |date=17 October 2017|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref>


In January 2018, the PDPKS stated its opposition to the [[Operation Olive Branch|Turkish-led invasion of Afrin]], and urged all involved parties to stop fighting. It left the [[Syrian peace process#Sochi talks, January 2018|Sochi peace talks of the same month]] to protest against the Russian support for the Turkish operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/23012018 |title=PDPKS’nin Kürtlerden Efrin talebi |trans-title= |author= |work=[[Rudaw Media Network]] |language=Turkish |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.basnews.com/index.php/tr/news/kurdistan/410256 |title=PDPKS’den Soçi’ye Efrin protestosu |trans-title= |author= |work=Bas News |language=Turkish |date=26 January 2018 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref>
In January 2018, the PDPKS stated its opposition to the [[Operation Olive Branch|Turkish-led invasion of Afrin]], and urged all involved parties to stop fighting. It left the [[Syrian peace process#Sochi talks, January 2018|Sochi peace talks of the same month]] to protest against the Russian support for the Turkish operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/23012018 |title=PDPKS’nin Kürtlerden Efrin talebi |trans-title= |author= |work=[[Rudaw Media Network]] |language=Turkish |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.basnews.com/index.php/tr/news/kurdistan/410256 |title=PDPKS’den Soçi’ye Efrin protestosu |trans-title= |author= |work=Bas News |language=Turkish |date=26 January 2018 |accessdate=29 June 2018 }}</ref> Over the next two years, the PDPKS continued to call for dialogue between the different Kurdish parties of Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/kurdish-national-alliance-responds-to-kurdish-unity-formations-appeal-h6059.html |title=Kurdish National Alliance responds to Kurdish unity formation's appeal |work=Hawar News Agency |date=8 January 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Ibrahim">{{cite news |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/syria-kurdistan-kurdish-conflict-failed-france-initiative.html |title=Syria's Kurds divided over path to autonomy |author=Shivan Ibrahim |work=[[Al-Monitor]] |date=16 Augut 2019 |deadurl= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820000735/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/syria-kurdistan-kurdish-conflict-failed-france-initiative.html |archivedate=20 August 2019 }}</ref> It supported a French initiative to faciliate a reapproachment between the PYD and the KDP, though these efforts failed.<ref name="Ibrahim" /> In contrast, the party regarded [[NES–Syria relations|talks between the northeastern administration with the Syrian government]] in early 2019 with scepticism, reasoning that the latter had showed little readiness for compromise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/140120196 |title=Kurds view Rojava-Damascus talks with mix of skepticism and remorse |work=Rudaw |date=14 January 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2019 }}</ref> The PDPKS' Women's Organization also appealed the [[United Nations]], and relief agencies to send aid to those affected by widespread crop fires in northern and eastern Syria in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welat.fm/en/civil-organizations-appeal-to-the-un-to-compensate-those-affected-by-fires-in-kurdish-self-administration-area/ |title= Civil organizations appeal to the UN to compensate those affected by fires in kurdish self-administration area |work=Radio Welat |date=8 January 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2019 }}</ref>


== Ideology ==
== Ideology ==

Revision as of 17:37, 23 September 2019

Not to be confused with the "Kurdish Equality Party in Syria", which was originally known as "Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party in Syria".[1]
Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party in Syria
Partiya Dîmoqratî Pêşverû Kurd li Sûriyê
Secretary-GeneralAbd al-Hamid Darwish[2]
Founded1965[2]
Split fromKurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
HeadquartersAmuda, al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
Paramilitary wingNone official; de facto participation in Kurdish Front, and YPG
Membershipc. 9,600 (2011 estimate)[3]
IdeologyFederalism[4]
Kurdish nationalism[2]
Socialism[5]
Political positionCentre-left to centre-right
National affiliationKurdish Democratic Alliance in Syria (1994–?) Kurdish National Council (2012–15)
People's Council
0 / 250
Democratic Council
0 / 43

The Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party in Syria (Kurdish: Partiya Dîmoqratî Pêşverû Kurd li Sûriyê; short: PDPKS or KDPP) is one of the oldest Kurdish parties in Syria, having been active since seceding from the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria the 1960s. Prominently led by Abd al-Hamid Darwish, who was described as "one of the last remaining of the original Kurdish political activists",[6] the PDPKS serves as the Syrian sister party of the Iraqi Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. Known for its moderate and conciliatory politics, the party has sided at different times during the Syrian Civil War with the Syrian opposition, the Ba'athist government, the Kurdish National Council (of which it was a founding member), and the Democratic Union Party.

History

Beginnings and politics under the Ba'athist government

The origins of the PDPKS lie with Abd al-Hamid Darwish, a long-time Kurdish politician and activist. Born in a rural village of the al-Darbasiyah Subdistrict,[7] Darwish was the son of an agricultural landowner family[6] and as student became an activist for Syrian Kurdish issues; because of that, he was arrested several times.[7] In 1956/57, Darwish helped to found the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS)[6][7] and was part of the party's leading figures until the mid-1960s. By then, the KDPS had unofficially split into two ideological camps, with one following a more traditional, conservative Kurdish nationalism, while the other espoused a modernist, national ideology.[6] The tensions between these camps resulted in several small factions breaking off from the party; Darwish himself was excluded from the KDPS over disagreements in 1963.[8] The party finally broke apart in 1965, when it divided into the "Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria (Left Wing)" and the "Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria (Right Wing)", the latter being led by Abd al-Hamid Darwish.[9] This year is now regarded has the de facto founding year of the PDPKS.[6][2] Unlike the other KDPS factions, Darwish's party occupied a more moderate stance between radical Leftist and conservative views.[6]

The alliance with Jalal Talabani (pictured) decisively influenced the history of the PDPKS.

Though the two KDPS main faction briefly reunited in 1970 under pressure by the Iraqi Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Darwish and his followers soon broke off again and revived the KDPS (right wing).[10] At the time, Darwish's party primarily included urban merchants, professionals, religious leaders and landowners.[11] Internationally, the KDPS (right wing) aligned itself with the programmatically similar Iraqi KDP faction of Jalal Talabani.[6][11] When Talabani announced in 1975 that he would break with the KDP and form his own party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), Darwish believed that it would be only fitting if he likewise changed his party's name to distance himself from the KDP. As result, his faction adopted the name "Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party" (PDPKS) in 1976. Elements within the PDPKS disagreed with the pro-Talabani course of Darwish, however, and over the following years broke away from the PDPKS to form their own parties. These splinter groups included one pro-Barzani faction that readopted the KDPS name;[12] another faction led by Aziz Dawei that also called itself "Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party",[7][a] and finally Taher Sufuk's followers who formed the Kurdish National Democratic Party.[12][7] Meanwhile, the main KDPS group (the one from which Darwish had broken away in 1970) came to be supported by the KDP. As the KDP and PUK grew into bitter rivals, the tensions between them negatively influenced the relationship between the PDPKS and the KDPS.[2][13]

Despite this, the PDPKS and KDPS tried to work together again in 1980, when they as well as the Kurdish Left Party in Syria attempted to form an political coalition. The three parties even signed a coalition agreement, but the plan collapsed when the Kurdish Left Party split over internal disagreements. As the relations between the PDPKS and the KDPS stagnated in the 1980s, the former instead began to cooperate with other allies of the PUK, such as the PKK and the PDKI.[7] The PDPKS would also develop good relations with the PKK-affiliated Democratic Union Party (PYD).[2]

Even though part of the opposition, the PDPKS wanted to avoid open confrontation with the Ba'athist dictatorship under Hafez al-Assad, instead trying to bring about a peaceful democratization through soft pressure on the government and participation in the elections.[6][12] Darwish won a seat in the parliament during the elections in 1990, which were more free than usual. He lost his seat, however, when the elections again became more restrictive since 1994.[14] In that year, the PDPKS participated in the foundation of the "Kurdish Democratic Alliance in Syria", which included Kurdish parties that preferred cautious negotiations with the government instead of aggression.[15] The PDPKS' conciliatory stance changed upon the outbreak of the 2004 Qamishli riots, when the party became more hostile towards the government.[6] Despite that, Darwish still criticized other Kurdish parties who he accused of inciting the rioting, while the PDPKS as whole called on the Kurds to "extinguish the sedition".[16] Darwish also signed the Damascus Declaration in 2005 which criticized the Assad government.[7]

Civil war and work in Rojava

The PDPKS helped the YPG to defeat jihadists and allied Free Syrian Army forces during the Battle of Ras al-Ayn.

After the civil uprising in Syria began in 2011, the PDPKS demanded a nationally inclusive conference to allow a transition of the country to democracy. This came not to pass, and when President Bashar al-Assad requested to meet with Darwish, he was turned down by the latter.[6] As the conflict escalated into civil war, the PDPKS, KDPS, and PYD attempted to extend their influence in the Syrian Kurdish regions.[13] Though the PDPKS joined the KDPS in founding the Kurdish National Council (KNC) in 2012,[6][2] on the ground the PDPKS allied itself with the PYD. The party ordered its members to join the PYD-led Asayish and YPG, as well as the Kurdish Front, which was originally formed as a Kurdish unit in the Free Syrian Army. Many fighters affiliated with the PDPKS fought in the Battle of Ras al-Ayn,[13] and were killed by mujahideen and allied Free Syrian Army militants. The leader of the PDPKS party bureau Abdul Wahab Kassem, whose brother was one of the dead, commented that the "Free Syrian Army is not really free. In reality, it follows the Turkish policy, which wants to prevent Kurdish self-determination in Syria".[b][5]

On 12 June 2013, Adnan Sheikh Muhammad, a member of the PDPKS who was also a member of the Kurdish Front Brigade and a representative of the Kurdish Supreme Committee in the Raqqa civil council, was killed by a Syrian Air Force airstrike in Raqqa.[17]

Serious tensions emerged with the PYD, however, in the wake of an incident in Amuda on 27 June 2013, when YPG fighters killed six civilians. From then on, PDPKS members left the pro-PYD militias, and the party began to cooperate more closely with the KDPS, for example supporting the KNC's decision to join the (anti-PYD) National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. The PDPKS also began to distance itself from the PUK, which was still friendly with the PYD but also politically weakened at the time.[13] In late 2013, the PDPKS rejected the declaration of the autonomous region of Rojava by the PYD as "unilateral solution[] in isolation from the national forces",[18] while Darwish represented the KNC during the Geneva II Conference on Syria in early 2014.[6]

In course of 2014 and early 2015, however, the old tensions between the PDPKS and the KDPS remerged. As result, the PDPKS eventually left the KNC on 3 July 2015, as the party's leadership accused the other factions within the coalition of working against them.[19] In mid-2016, the PDPKS participated in protests against the rebel shelling of YPG-held Sheikh Maqsood as well as Turkish attacks on Nusaybin,[20] and for the reconciliation of the KNC and PYD.[21] Over time, the PDPKS became more hostile towards the KNC, and it again shifted closer to the PYD as well as the Syrian government. In January 2017, Darwish said that Bashar al-Assad was still the legitimate Syrian President, and lamented that Assad's government had a more positive position towards the Syrian Kurds than the Syrian opposition.[4] The Asayish closed three offices of the PDPKS in Al-Hasakah Governorate in March 2017 on the basis that they were operated without a proper license, though opponents of the PYD saw the closure as political move.[22] The PDPKS itself condemned the closure as "arbitrary"; after the party contacted the local authorities for licenses, the offices were allowed to reopen.[23]

When the Syrian National Coalition declared the YPG a terrorist group in July, Abd al-Hamid Darwish strongly rejected this move. According to him, although the YPG "undoubtedly made mistakes here and there", it had not carried out any ethnic cleansings and on the contrary "made great sacrifices" to protect Syrians of all ethnicities from ISIL.[24] Furthermore, the PDPKS was among the Syrian Kurdish parties that condemned the Turkish airstrikes of April 2017 against PKK affiliates, including the YPG, in Syria and Iraq.[25] Following the death of Jalal Talabani on 3 October 2017, hundreds of PDPKS members gathered in Qamishli to offer their condolences.[26] A few weeks later, Abd al-Hamid Darwish took part in a meeting between the Syrian government, the YPG and several parties of the Syrian Democratic Council at the Russian Khmeimim airbase in Latakia Governorate.[27]

In January 2018, the PDPKS stated its opposition to the Turkish-led invasion of Afrin, and urged all involved parties to stop fighting. It left the Sochi peace talks of the same month to protest against the Russian support for the Turkish operation.[28][29] Over the next two years, the PDPKS continued to call for dialogue between the different Kurdish parties of Syria.[30][31] It supported a French initiative to faciliate a reapproachment between the PYD and the KDP, though these efforts failed.[31] In contrast, the party regarded talks between the northeastern administration with the Syrian government in early 2019 with scepticism, reasoning that the latter had showed little readiness for compromise.[32] The PDPKS' Women's Organization also appealed the United Nations, and relief agencies to send aid to those affected by widespread crop fires in northern and eastern Syria in 2019.[33]

Ideology

Since its foundation, the Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party has defined itself through its generally moderate ideological position, adopting both centre-left to centre-right politics, while leaning more to the former than the latter. When Abd al-Hamid Darwish was still in the KDPS, he espoused the modernist Kurdish nationalism as promoted by Dr. Nouraddine Zaza, thus belonging to the left camp of the KDPS. However, as the more conservative elements left the KDPS,[6] and the whole party generally drifted left, Darwish found himself as head of the KDPS' right wing, which did not approve of the other party members' populist Marxist communism. Thus, when Darwish's faction seceded in 1965, it was essentially a centre-left group mostly composed of progressive members of the urban middle class and rural upper class.[11][6][9] As result, the PDPKS is considered part of the "Kurdish Right",[7][34] although some observers have also considered it socialist.[5] Since its foundation, the PDPKS generally supports democracy, gender equality, and separation of religion and state.[35]

Just like its ideological position in general could be defined as moderate, the PDPKS' view on Kurdish nationalism and self-rule in Syria has for most its history been cautious. The party usually only called for the realization of the "cultural, political, and social rights" of Kurds (and minorities in general) in Syria instead of autonomy.[4][13][35] Wanting to avoid open conflict with the Ba'athist regime, the PDPKS has also been critical of more aggressive parties,[16] and denounced the PYD's attempts to establish Rojava as de facto autonomous region in 2013.[18] Since then, however, the party has increasingly adopted a more staunch Kurdish nationalism, and was openly calling for Kurdish self-rule in Syria by 2017.[4]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Aziz Dawei's party changed its name to "Kurdish Democratic Equality Party in Syria", also known as Wekhevi Party, in 2008.[7][12]
  2. ^ Translated from German; in the original this reads: "Die Freie Syrische Armee ist nicht wirklich frei. Sie gehorcht lediglich der türkischen Politik, die eine kurdische Selbstorganisation auch in Syrien verhindern möchte."[5]

References

  1. ^ KurdWatch (2011), pp. 14, 19.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hevian (2013).
  3. ^ KurdWatch (2011), pp. 24, 25.
  4. ^ a b c d Madar al-Youm (3 January 2017). "Abdulhamid Darwish Shifts: Regime is Better Than the Coalition". Syrian Observer. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Nils Metzger (4 March 2013). "In Syriens Kurdengebieten herrscht ein brüchiger Friede". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Who's who: Abdulhamid Darwish". Syrian Observer. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Splits Among Kurdish Parties: Cracks Appear in Political Landscape". Enab Baladi. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  8. ^ "The Kurdish political movement in Syria". Enab Baladi. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  9. ^ a b KurdWatch (2011), pp. 10, 11.
  10. ^ KurdWatch (2011), p. 12.
  11. ^ a b c Gunter (2014), p. 26.
  12. ^ a b c d Sinclair & Kajjo (2013), p. 180.
  13. ^ a b c d e Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 December 2013). "The Kurdish PUK's Syria Policy". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  14. ^ Tejel (2009), p. 67.
  15. ^ KurdWatch (2011), p. 19.
  16. ^ a b Tejel (2009), p. 122.
  17. ^ "Thousands mourn the body of the martyr Adnan Sheikh Mohammed in Kobani". Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party. 13 June 2013.
  18. ^ a b Ibrahim Hamidi (11 December 2013). "Syria's Kurds divided over path to autonomy". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 21 March 2017 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Al-Qamishli: Progressive Party suspends its membership in Kurdish National Council". KurdWatch. 13 July 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  20. ^ "Al-Hasakah: Progressive Party demonstrates against attacks in Aleppo and Nusaybin". KurdWatch. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  21. ^ "Al-Qamishli: Youth Union demands Kurdish unification". KurdWatch. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  22. ^ Hisham Arafat (18 March 2017). "Syria's Kurdish authorities close dozen political offices". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  23. ^ Sardar Mlla Drwish (12 June 2017). "What's behind Kurdish organizations being shut down in Syria?". al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Syrian Kurds say attempts to label YPG terrorists will fail". ARA News. 12 June 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "بیانیۀ مشترک احزاب کرد سوریه علیه حملات ترکیه به عفرین و دعوت مردم به اتحاد و حمایت از YPG" [Joint statement by the Kurdish Kurdish parties against the attacks of Turkey and the invitation of the people to unite and support YPG]. Kurdane (in Arabic). 7 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  26. ^ Hisham Arafat (9 October 2017). "Syrian Kurds mourn Iraqi Kurdish leader Talabani in Rojava". Kurdistan 24. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  27. ^ Al Akhbar (Lebanon) (17 October 2017). "Syria's Kurds Voice Hopes for Breakthrough at 'Hemeymim Meeting'". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  28. ^ "PDPKS'nin Kürtlerden Efrin talebi". Rudaw Media Network (in Turkish). 23 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  29. ^ "PDPKS'den Soçi'ye Efrin protestosu". Bas News (in Turkish). 26 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  30. ^ "Kurdish National Alliance responds to Kurdish unity formation's appeal". Hawar News Agency. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  31. ^ a b Shivan Ibrahim (16 Augut 2019). "Syria's Kurds divided over path to autonomy". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |deadurl= (help)
  32. ^ "Kurds view Rojava-Damascus talks with mix of skepticism and remorse". Rudaw. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Civil organizations appeal to the UN to compensate those affected by fires in kurdish self-administration area". Radio Welat. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  34. ^ Schøtt (2017), p. 8.
  35. ^ a b KurdWatch (2011), p. 17.

Bibliography

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