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=== January–June ===
=== January–June ===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=292}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].
* [[May]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives, mostly [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=577}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives, mostly [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Poltava]]: In the [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.
* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Poltava]]: In the [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.


Revision as of 01:22, 18 December 2019

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
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1709 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
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Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4406 or 4199
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4407 or 4200
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1709.
July 8: Battle of Poltava.

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

Births

Samuel Johnson

Deaths

Emperor Higashiyama

References

  1. ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ Mott, R. A. (January 5, 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, coking section supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  9. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  10. ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
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