Speculum literature: Difference between revisions
Andrewnadell (talk | contribs) additional information, adding Speculum Vitae Humanae, 1468 and many later editions. |
Jerome Kohl (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:BL Royal Vincent of Beauvais.jpg|thumb|right|This author portrait of [[Vincent of Beauvais]] in a manuscript of his ''Speculum Historiale'', contains an actual convex mirror as a visual pun. French translation by Jean de Vignay, Bruges, c. |
[[File:BL Royal Vincent of Beauvais.jpg|thumb|right|This author portrait of [[Vincent of Beauvais]] in a manuscript of his ''Speculum Historiale'', contains an actual convex mirror as a visual pun. French translation by Jean de Vignay, Bruges, c. 1478–1480, for [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]];[[British Library]]]] |
||
The medieval genre of '''speculum literature''', popular from the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, was inspired by the urge to encompass [[encyclopedia|encyclopedic]] knowledge within a single work.<ref>Bradley, Ritamary "Backgrounds of the Title Speculum in Mediaeval Literature" ''Speculum'' '''29'''.1 (January 1954), pp. |
The medieval genre of '''speculum literature''', popular from the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, was inspired by the urge to encompass [[encyclopedia|encyclopedic]] knowledge within a single work.<ref>Bradley, Ritamary "Backgrounds of the Title Speculum in Mediaeval Literature" ''Speculum'' '''29'''.1 (January 1954), pp. 100–115.</ref> However, some of these works have a restricted scope and function as instructional manuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = Franklin-Brown | first = Mary | title = Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago London | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780226260709|p=273}}</ref> In this sense encyclopedias and speculum are similar but they are not the same genre.{{sfn|Franklin-Brown|2012|p=273}} Some{{who|date=August 2018}} have suggested that the modern equivalent is a summary ''survey'', in the sense of a [[survey article]] in a scholarly journal that summarizes a field of research.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source as some medieval genres have no modern equivalent.|date=January 2018}} |
||
==''Specula'' as a genre== |
==''Specula'' as a genre== |
||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
* ''[[Speculum astronomiae]]'', written by [[Albertus Magnus]]. |
* ''[[Speculum astronomiae]]'', written by [[Albertus Magnus]]. |
||
* ''[[Speculum ecclesiae]]'', the "Mirror of the Church", written by [[Edmund Rich]]. |
* ''[[Speculum ecclesiae]]'', the "Mirror of the Church", written by [[Edmund Rich]]. |
||
*''[[Speculum Humanae Salvationis]]'', the "Mirror of human salvation", written c. |
*''[[Speculum Humanae Salvationis]]'', the "Mirror of human salvation", written c. 1309–24, perhaps by [[Ludolph of Saxony]]. |
||
* ''[[Speculum judiciale]]'', or ''[[Speculum iuris]]'', the "Mirror for Judges", written by [[Guillaume Durand]]. |
* ''[[Speculum judiciale]]'', or ''[[Speculum iuris]]'', the "Mirror for Judges", written by [[Guillaume Durand]]. |
||
* ''[[Speculum meditantis]]'', the "Mirror of Meditations" (usually known by its French title ''Mirour de l'Omme''), written by [[John Gower]]. |
* ''[[Speculum meditantis]]'', the "Mirror of Meditations" (usually known by its French title ''Mirour de l'Omme''), written by [[John Gower]]. |
||
Revision as of 18:50, 21 January 2020
The medieval genre of speculum literature, popular from the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, was inspired by the urge to encompass encyclopedic knowledge within a single work.[1] However, some of these works have a restricted scope and function as instructional manuals.[2] In this sense encyclopedias and speculum are similar but they are not the same genre.[3] Some[who?] have suggested that the modern equivalent is a summary survey, in the sense of a survey article in a scholarly journal that summarizes a field of research.[citation needed]
Specula as a genre
Specula often offered mirrors of history, doctrine, or morals. Vincent of Beauvais' Speculum Maius which included the Mirror of Nature, Mirror of History, and Mirror of Doctrine is not often described as a core representative of the genre. One historian has surmised that this is because Vincent's work was intended to be an objective work which is at odds with speculum literature, since it "is a subjective genre".[3] More usual members are found in this list:
- Honorius Augustodunensis' Imago mundi (cited by Vincent of Beauvais as Speculum mundi)[3] and Speculum Ecclesiae[3] (different than the Speculum Ecclesiae by Edmund Rich)
- An anonymous Speculum virginum[3]
- William of Saint-Thierry's Speculum fidei[3]
- Nigel of Longchamps's Speculum stultorum[3]
- Speculum virginum[3]
Specific works whose titles include the word speculum
- Speculum alchimiae, the "Mirror of Alchemy", written by Roger Bacon.
- Speculum astronomiae, written by Albertus Magnus.
- Speculum ecclesiae, the "Mirror of the Church", written by Edmund Rich.
- Speculum Humanae Salvationis, the "Mirror of human salvation", written c. 1309–24, perhaps by Ludolph of Saxony.
- Speculum judiciale, or Speculum iuris, the "Mirror for Judges", written by Guillaume Durand.
- Speculum meditantis, the "Mirror of Meditations" (usually known by its French title Mirour de l'Omme), written by John Gower.
- Speculum perfectionis, written by Brother Leo.
- Speculum stultorum, the "Mirror of Fools" written by Nigel de Longchamps
Speculum Vitae Humanae, written by Rodericus Zamorensis (Rodrigo Sanchez de Arevalo)
Ormulum, written by a certain Orm in Central England, bears an indirect reference to speculum and may be translated as "Orm's Mirror". It is universal in contents in that it contains the appropriate homiletic materials throughout the Church calendar.
The English word mirror appears in William Caxton's Myrrour of the Worlde (1490), one of the first illustrated books printed in English (a translation of L'image du Monde, an overview of the sciences); in the oft-republished A Mirror for Magistrates (1559); and in The Miroir or Glasse of the Synneful Soul, a manuscript translation from the French by the young Queen Elizabeth I of England. The Mirror of Simple Souls is a modern English translation of a similar French work.
The Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae ("Mirror of the Magnificence of Rome") was a Renaissance "coffee table book" of prints of the sights of Rome, especially the antiquities, produced by the French print seller and publisher Antonio Lafreri (1512–1577). He had been publishing and distributing such prints, and selling them at his shop in Rome, since the 1540s. In the 1570s he hit on the idea of producing a title page for the albums of prints he also sold. Each copy of the Speculum may have had different contents, as the customer in Rome could make his own selection in the shop and have them bound up.[4]
In modern times, the journal Speculum, published by the Medieval Academy of America, covers every aspect of the medieval world.
See also
- Mirrors for princes or specula principum
References
- ^ Bradley, Ritamary "Backgrounds of the Title Speculum in Mediaeval Literature" Speculum 29.1 (January 1954), pp. 100–115.
- ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780226260709.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Franklin-Brown 2012, p. 273.
- ^ Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, University of Chicago Library
External links
(Mirror of Roman Magnificence).
- The Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae at the University of Chicago Library
- Lafreri’s Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.