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A '''melanocytoma''' is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the [[melanocytic nevus]].<ref name="Shields2006"/> It is most commonly seen on or adjacent to the [[optic nerve]]<ref name="Reidy1985">{{cite journal|last1=Reidy|first1=James J.|last2=Apple|first2=David J.|last3=Steinmetz|first3=Robert L.|last4=Craythorn|first4=Judy M.|last5=Loftfield|first5=Katherine|last6=Gieser|first6=Stephen C.|last7=Brady|first7=Steven E.|title=Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=29|issue=5|year=1985|pages=319–327|issn=00396257|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9}}</ref> but also on the [[Meninges#Leptomeninges|leptomeninge]]s of the brain or spine.<ref name=schindler>{{cite journal |author=Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W |title=Das meningeale Melanozytom|journal=Pathologe |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=325–9 |year=1998 ||pmid=9746920}}</ref><ref name="Reidy1985"/><ref name=wang>F. Wang u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature.'' In: ''[[Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine]]'' 6, 2007, S.&nbsp;451–454. PMID 17542513 (Review)</ref> Meningeal melanocytomas are usually found in the area of the base of the brain and brain stem.<ref name="SethiDuhan2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sethi|first1=Divya|last2=Duhan|first2=Amrita|last3=Sen|first3=Rajeev|last4=Goyal|first4=Vandana|last5=Modi|first5=Shilpi|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=6|issue=2|year=2011|pages=111|issn=1793-5482|doi=10.4103/1793-5482.92176}}</ref>
A '''melanocytoma''' is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the [[melanocytic nevus]].<ref name="Shields2006"/> It is most commonly seen on or adjacent to the [[optic nerve]]<ref name="Reidy1985">{{cite journal|last1=Reidy|first1=James J.|last2=Apple|first2=David J.|last3=Steinmetz|first3=Robert L.|last4=Craythorn|first4=Judy M.|last5=Loftfield|first5=Katherine|last6=Gieser|first6=Stephen C.|last7=Brady|first7=Steven E.|title=Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=29|issue=5|year=1985|pages=319–327|issn=00396257|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9}}</ref> as the optical melanocytoma. The meningeal meleoncytoma is found on the [[Meninges#Leptomeninges|leptomeninge]]s of the brain or spine,<ref name=schindler>{{cite journal |author=Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W |title=Das meningeale Melanozytom|journal=Pathologe |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=325–9 |year=1998 ||pmid=9746920}}</ref><ref name="Reidy1985"/><ref name=wang>F. Wang u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature.'' In: ''[[Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine]]'' 6, 2007, S.&nbsp;451–454. PMID 17542513 (Review)</ref> typically in the area of the base of the brain and brain stem.<ref name="SethiDuhan2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sethi|first1=Divya|last2=Duhan|first2=Amrita|last3=Sen|first3=Rajeev|last4=Goyal|first4=Vandana|last5=Modi|first5=Shilpi|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=6|issue=2|year=2011|pages=111|issn=1793-5482|doi=10.4103/1793-5482.92176}}</ref> A third form of melanocytoma is the [[dermal melanocytoma]].


While the melanocytoma is generally considered to be a benign tumor,<ref name="Reidy1985"/> it has a potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation to a [[malignant melanoma]].<ref name="Mohmad2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mohmad|first1=Zalilawati|last2=Aik Kah|first2=Tan|last3=Chui Yong|first3=Ku|last4=Wan Abdul Halim|first4=Wan Haslina|last5=Kong Yong|first5=Then|title=Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma|journal=Clinics and Practice|volume=1|issue=3|year=2011|pages=60|issn=2039-7283|doi=10.4081/cp.2011.e60}}</ref><ref>P. M. Sharma u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature.'' In: ''Ophthalmologica'' 216, 2002, S.&nbsp;292–295. PMID 12207136 (Review).</ref><ref name=wang/> A patient whose melanocytoma grew aggressively leading to a fatal outcome was described by Bydon et al.<ref name="BydonGutierrez2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bydon|first1=Ali|last2=Gutierrez|first2=Jorge A.|last3=Mahmood|first3=Asim|title=Meningeal Melanocytoma: An Aggressive Course for a Benign Tumor| journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=64|issue=3|year=2003|pages=259–263|issn=0167594X|doi=10.1023/A:1025628802228}}</ref>
While the melanocytoma is generally considered to be a benign tumor,<ref name="Reidy1985"/> it has a potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation to a [[malignant melanoma]].<ref name="Mohmad2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mohmad|first1=Zalilawati|last2=Aik Kah|first2=Tan|last3=Chui Yong|first3=Ku|last4=Wan Abdul Halim|first4=Wan Haslina|last5=Kong Yong|first5=Then|title=Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma|journal=Clinics and Practice|volume=1|issue=3|year=2011|pages=60|issn=2039-7283|doi=10.4081/cp.2011.e60}}</ref><ref>P. M. Sharma u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature.'' In: ''Ophthalmologica'' 216, 2002, S.&nbsp;292–295. PMID 12207136 (Review).</ref><ref name=wang/> A patient whose melanocytoma grew aggressively leading to a fatal outcome was described by Bydon et al.<ref name="BydonGutierrez2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bydon|first1=Ali|last2=Gutierrez|first2=Jorge A.|last3=Mahmood|first3=Asim|title=Meningeal Melanocytoma: An Aggressive Course for a Benign Tumor| journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=64|issue=3|year=2003|pages=259–263|issn=0167594X|doi=10.1023/A:1025628802228}}</ref>

Revision as of 11:50, 21 December 2019

A melanocytoma is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the melanocytic nevus.[1] It is most commonly seen on or adjacent to the optic nerve[2] as the optical melanocytoma. The meningeal meleoncytoma is found on the leptomeninges of the brain or spine,[3][2][4] typically in the area of the base of the brain and brain stem.[5] A third form of melanocytoma is the dermal melanocytoma.

While the melanocytoma is generally considered to be a benign tumor,[2] it has a potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation to a malignant melanoma.[6][7][4] A patient whose melanocytoma grew aggressively leading to a fatal outcome was described by Bydon et al.[8]

Histologically, the tumor is described by large, uniformly shaped polyhedral nevus cells that are pigmented and closely packed[6] Typically, it lacks signs of malignancy such as high mitotic rate, necroses or infiltrative growth.[3] Like the malignant melanoma, it shows an immunohistological profile with S-100 protein-, vimentin- and HMB-45-positive tumor cells.[3]

Management

Pigmented tumors raise the possibility of a malignant melanoma, a condition that may present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.[9] In the differential diagnosis, schwannoma and meningioma with pigmentation are to be considered as well.[4] Because malignant transformation is rare, optical melanocytomas can usually be observed.[1] Besides fundoscopy, ocular ultrasound may be helpful.[9][10] Regarding meningeal melanocytomas, a review by Rades et al concludes that complete resection is the best treatment.[11] If resection is incomplete, postoperative radiotherapy should be applied.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Shields, Jerry A.; Demirci, Hakan; Mashayekhi, Arman; Eagle, Ralph C.; Shields, Carol L. (2006). "Melanocytoma of the Optic Disk: A Review". Survey of Ophthalmology. 51 (2): 93–104. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.011. ISSN 0039-6257.
  2. ^ a b c Reidy, James J.; Apple, David J.; Steinmetz, Robert L.; Craythorn, Judy M.; Loftfield, Katherine; Gieser, Stephen C.; Brady, Steven E. (1985). "Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (5): 319–327. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9. ISSN 0039-6257.
  3. ^ a b c Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W (1998). "Das meningeale Melanozytom". Pathologe. 19 (4): 325–9. PMID 9746920. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c F. Wang u. a.: Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature. In: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, 2007, S. 451–454. PMID 17542513 (Review)
  5. ^ Sethi, Divya; Duhan, Amrita; Sen, Rajeev; Goyal, Vandana; Modi, Shilpi (2011). "Spinal meningeal melanocytoma". Asian Journal of Neurosurgery. 6 (2): 111. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.92176. ISSN 1793-5482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b Mohmad, Zalilawati; Aik Kah, Tan; Chui Yong, Ku; Wan Abdul Halim, Wan Haslina; Kong Yong, Then (2011). "Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma". Clinics and Practice. 1 (3): 60. doi:10.4081/cp.2011.e60. ISSN 2039-7283.
  7. ^ P. M. Sharma u. a.: Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature. In: Ophthalmologica 216, 2002, S. 292–295. PMID 12207136 (Review).
  8. ^ Bydon, Ali; Gutierrez, Jorge A.; Mahmood, Asim (2003). "Meningeal Melanocytoma: An Aggressive Course for a Benign Tumor". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 64 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1023/A:1025628802228. ISSN 0167-594X.
  9. ^ a b Timothy Murray, Timothy G. (2010). "Clinical imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography in melanocytoma management". Clinical Ophthalmology: 855. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S11891. ISSN 1177-5483.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Lisker-Cervantes, Andrés; Ancona-Lezama, David Arturo; Arroyo-Garza, Luis Javier; Martinez, Jaime D.; Barreiro, Roberta Gomez Diaz; Valdepeña-López-Velarde, Victor Daniel; Morales-Canton, Virgilio; Moragrega-Adame, Eduardo (2017). "Ocular ultrasound findings in optic disk melanocytoma". Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología. 91 (6): 316–320. doi:10.1016/j.mexoft.2017.03.003. ISSN 0187-4519.
  11. ^ Rades, Dirk; Heidenreich, Fedor; Tatagiba, Marcos; Brandis, Almuth; Karstens, Johann Hinrich (2001). "Therapeutic options for meningeal melanocytoma". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 95 (2): 225–231. doi:10.3171/spi.2001.95.2.0225. ISSN 1547-5654.
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