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'''Gibberellic acid''' (also called '''gibberellin A3''', '''GA''', and '''GA<sub>3</sub>''') is a [[Plant hormone|hormone]] found in plants and fungi.<ref name="GA3">{{cite journal|vauthors=((Silva ALL)), Rodrigues C, Costa JL, Machado MP, Penha RO, Biasi LA, ((Vandenberghe LPS)), Soccol CR|title=Gibberellic acid fermented extract obtained by solid-state fermentation using citric pulp by Fusarium moniliforme: Influence on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in vitro|journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany|date=2013|volume=45|issue=6|pages=2057–2064|url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/45(6)/30.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Its [[chemical formula]] is C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.
'''Gibberellic acid''' (also called '''gibberellin A3''', '''GA''', and '''GA<sub>3</sub>''') is a [[Plant hormone|hormone]] found in plants and fungi.<ref name="GA3">{{cite journal|vauthors=((Silva ALL)), Rodrigues C, Costa JL, Machado MP, Penha RO, Biasi LA, ((Vandenberghe LPS)), Soccol CR|title=Gibberellic acid fermented extract obtained by solid-state fermentation using citric pulp by Fusarium moniliforme: Influence on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in vitro|journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany|date=2013|volume=45|issue=6|pages=2057–2064|url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/45(6)/30.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Its [[chemical formula]] is C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.


Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. It is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms.<ref name="camara">Camara, M. C. et al (2015) General Aspects and Applications of Gibberelins and Gibberellic Acid in Plants. In: Hardy, J.. (Org.). Gibberellins and Gibberellic Acid: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Physiological Effects. 1ed.Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, 2015, v., p. 1-21.</ref> Nowadays, it is produced by submerse fermentation, but this
Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. It is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms.<ref name="camara">Camara, M. C. et al (2015) General Aspects and Applications of Gibberelins and Gibberellic Acid in Plants. In: Hardy, J.. (Org.). Gibberellins and Gibberellic Acid: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Physiological Effects. 1ed.Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, 2015, v., p. 1-21.</ref> Gibberellic acid is a simple [[gibberellin]], a [[Polycyclic compound|pentacyclic]] [[diterpene]] acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. It affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} GA stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce [[messenger RNA|mRNA]] molecules that code for [[Hydrolase|hydrolytic enzymes]]. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect.<ref name=riley>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=John M.|title=Gibberellic Acid for Fruit Set and Seed Germination|url=http://www.crfg.org/tidbits/gibberellic.html|accessdate=26 Oct 2012}}</ref> It is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10&nbsp;mg/L.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
process presented low yield with high production costs and
hence higher prices. One alternative process to reduce costs of the GA<sub>3</sub> production is Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) that allows the use of agro-industrial residues.<ref name="GA3"/> Gibberellic acid is a simple [[gibberellin]], a [[Polycyclic compound|pentacyclic]] [[diterpene]] acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. It affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} GA stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce [[messenger RNA|mRNA]] molecules that code for [[Hydrolase|hydrolytic enzymes]]. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect.<ref name=riley>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=John M.|title=Gibberellic Acid for Fruit Set and Seed Germination|url=http://www.crfg.org/tidbits/gibberellic.html|accessdate=26 Oct 2012}}</ref> It is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10&nbsp;mg/L.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}


GA was first identified in Japan in 1926, as a metabolic by-product of the plant pathogen ''[[Gibberella fujikuroi]]'' (thus the name), which afflicts [[rice]] plants. ''Fujikuroi''-infected plants develop ''[[bakanae]]'' ("foolish seedling"), which causes them to rapidly elongate beyond their normal adult height. The plants subsequently [[Lodging (agriculture)|lodge]] due to lack of support, and die.<ref name="camara"/>
GA was first identified in Japan in 1926, as a metabolic by-product of the plant pathogen ''[[Gibberella fujikuroi]]'' (thus the name), which afflicts [[rice]] plants. ''Fujikuroi''-infected plants develop ''[[bakanae]]'' ("foolish seedling"), which causes them to rapidly elongate beyond their normal adult height. The plants subsequently [[Lodging (agriculture)|lodge]] due to lack of support, and die.<ref name="camara"/>


Gibberellins have a number of effects on plant development. They can stimulate rapid stem and root growth, induce [[mitotic division]] in the leaves of some plants, and increase seed germination rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=Miriam|title=Dormancy in Seeds of Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.)|journal=Plant Physiol.|date=1976|volume=58|issue=5|pages=626–630|doi=10.1104/pp.58.5.626|pmc=542271|pmid=16659732}}</ref>
Gibberellins have a number of effects on plant development. They can stimulate rapid stem and root growth, induce [[mitotic division]] in the leaves of some plants, and increase seed germination rates.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=Miriam|title=Dormancy in Seeds of Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.)|journal=Plant Physiol.|date=1976|volume=58|issue=5|pages=626–630|doi=10.1104/pp.58.5.626|pmc=542271|pmid=16659732}}</ref>


Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and [[greenhouse]] settings to trigger [[germination]] in seeds that would otherwise remain [[Dormancy|dormant]].<ref name=riley /> It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bundles and bigger grapes, especially [[Sultana (grape)|Thompson seedless]] grapes. In the [[Okanagan]] and [[Creston Valley|Creston]] valleys, it is also used as a growth replicator in the cherry industry. It is used on Clementine Mandarin oranges, which may otherwise cross-pollinate with other citrus and grow undesirable seeds. Applied directly on the blossoms as a spray, it allows for Clementines to produce a full crop of fruit without seeds.
Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and greenhouse settings to trigger [[germination]] in seeds that would otherwise remain [[Dormancy|dormant]].<ref name=riley /> It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bunches and bigger grapes, especially [[Sultana (grape)|Thompson seedless]] grapes. In the [[Okanagan]] and [[Creston Valley|Creston]] valleys, it is also used as a [[plant hormone|growth regulator]] in the cherry industry. It is used on Clementine Mandarin oranges, which may otherwise cross-pollinate with other citrus and produce undesirable seeds. Applied directly on the blossoms as a spray, it allows for Clementines to produce a full crop of seedless fruit.


GA is widely used in barley malting industry. A GA solution is sprayed on the barley after steeping process is completed. The purpose is to stimulte growth in otherwise partly dormant kernels and to get a uniform and swift growth.
GA is widely used in the barley [[malting]] industry. A GA solution is sprayed on the barley after the steeping process is completed. This stimulates growth in otherwise partly dormant kernels and produces a uniform and rapid growth.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 05:05, 25 April 2020

This article is about the chemical. For its function in plants, see Gibberellin.
Gibberellic acid
Names
IUPAC name
(3S,3aS,4S,4aS,7S,9aR,9bR,12S)-7,12-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-methylene-2-oxoperhydro-4a,7-methano-9b,3-propenoazuleno[1,2-b]furan-4-carboxylic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.911 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 201-001-0
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C19H22O6/c1-9-7-17-8-18(9,24)5-3-10(17)19-6-4-11(20)16(2,15(23)25-19)13(19)12(17)14(21)22/h4,6,10-13,20,24H,1,3,5,7-8H2,2H3,(H,21,22)/t10-,11+,12-,13-,16+,17+,18+,19-/m1/s1 checkY
    Key: IXORZMNAPKEEDV-SNTJWBGVSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C19H22O6/c1-9-7-17-8-18(9,24)5-3-10(17)19-6-4-11(20)16(2,15(23)25-19)13(19)12(17)14(21)22/h4,6,10-13,20,24H,1,3,5,7-8H2,2H3,(H,21,22)/t10-,11+,12-,13-,16+,17+,18+,19-/m1/s1
    Key: IXORZMNAPKEEDV-SNTJWBGVBW
  • O=C1O[C@@]52\C=C/[C@H](O)[C@]1([C@H]5[C@H](C(=O)O)[C@]43[C@H]2CC[C@@](O)(C(=C)C3)C4)C
Properties
C19H22O6
Molar mass 346.379 g·mol−1
Melting point 233 to 235 °C (451 to 455 °F; 506 to 508 K) (decomposition)
5 g/L (20 °C)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Gibberellic acid (also called gibberellin A3, GA, and GA3) is a hormone found in plants and fungi.[1] Its chemical formula is C19H22O6. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.

Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. It is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms.[2] Gibberellic acid is a simple gibberellin, a pentacyclic diterpene acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. It affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it.[citation needed] GA stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect.[3] It is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mg/L.[citation needed]

GA was first identified in Japan in 1926, as a metabolic by-product of the plant pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi (thus the name), which afflicts rice plants. Fujikuroi-infected plants develop bakanae ("foolish seedling"), which causes them to rapidly elongate beyond their normal adult height. The plants subsequently lodge due to lack of support, and die.[2]

Gibberellins have a number of effects on plant development. They can stimulate rapid stem and root growth, induce mitotic division in the leaves of some plants, and increase seed germination rates.[4]

Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and greenhouse settings to trigger germination in seeds that would otherwise remain dormant.[3] It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bunches and bigger grapes, especially Thompson seedless grapes. In the Okanagan and Creston valleys, it is also used as a growth regulator in the cherry industry. It is used on Clementine Mandarin oranges, which may otherwise cross-pollinate with other citrus and produce undesirable seeds. Applied directly on the blossoms as a spray, it allows for Clementines to produce a full crop of seedless fruit.

GA is widely used in the barley malting industry. A GA solution is sprayed on the barley after the steeping process is completed. This stimulates growth in otherwise partly dormant kernels and produces a uniform and rapid growth.

See also

References

  1. ^ Silva ALL, Rodrigues C, Costa JL, Machado MP, Penha RO, Biasi LA, Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR (2013). "Gibberellic acid fermented extract obtained by solid-state fermentation using citric pulp by Fusarium moniliforme: Influence on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in vitro" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 45 (6): 2057–2064. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b Camara, M. C. et al (2015) General Aspects and Applications of Gibberelins and Gibberellic Acid in Plants. In: Hardy, J.. (Org.). Gibberellins and Gibberellic Acid: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Physiological Effects. 1ed.Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, 2015, v., p. 1-21.
  3. ^ a b Riley, John M. "Gibberellic Acid for Fruit Set and Seed Germination". Retrieved 26 Oct 2012.
  4. ^ Edwards, Miriam (1976). "Dormancy in Seeds of Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.)". Plant Physiol. 58 (5): 626–630. doi:10.1104/pp.58.5.626. PMC 542271. PMID 16659732.
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