Horse coin

Illustrations of Chinese horse coins depicting "Great Yellow" and "Green Ear".

A horse coin with the inscription "Ch'u Huang" (The Great Yellow Horse).

Horse coins (Traditional Chinese: 馬錢; Simplified Chinese: 马钱; Pinyin: mǎ qián) are a type of Chinese numismatic charm that originated in the Song dynasty presumably as gambling tokens although many literary figures wrote about these coins their usage has always been failed to be mentioned by them, most horse coins tend to be round coins 3 centimeters in diameter with a circular or square hole in the middle of the coin. The horses featured on horse coins are depicted in various positions such as lying on the ground sleep, turning their head while neighing, or galloping forward with their tails rising high. it is currently unknown how horse coins were actually used though it is speculated that Chinese horse coins were actually used as game board pieces or gambling counters. Horse coins are most often manufactured from copper or bronze, but in a few documented cases they may also be made from animal horns or ivory. The horse coins produced during the Song dynasty are considered to be those of the best quality and craftsmanship and tend be made from better metal than the horse coins produced after. Some horse coins would feature the name of the famous horses they depicted. It is estimated that there are over three hundred variants of the horse coin. Some horse coins contained only an image of a horse while others also included an image of the rider and others had inscriptions which identify the horse or rider. During the beginning of the year of the horse in 2002 Chinese researchers Jian Ning and Wang Liyan of the National Museum of Chinese History wrote articles on horse coins the "China Cultural Relics Newspaper", the researchers noted that they found it a pity that the holes in the coins covered the saddles of the horses as this could've revealed more about ancient horse culture. Horse coins from the Song dynasty are the horse coins that are produced at the highest quality while horse coins from subsequent dynasties tend to be inferior compared to them.

Horse coins often depicted famous horses from Chinese history or famous horses from Chinese mythology, while commemorative horse coins would also feature riders, such as the horse coin that features “General Yue Yi of the State of Yan” commemorating the event that a Yan general attempted to conquer the city of Jimo. Another horse coin depicts the Chinese mythological horse long ju (龍駒), this horse was first mentioned in the "Rites of Zhou". The Rites of Zhou describes a "dragon colt" as a horse which is "more than 8 chi (尺) tall" when its measured from its front hoof to the shoulder. One chi, during the Zhou dynasty period, was about 16.5 centimeters in the metric system.

It is rare for horse coins to also feature images of horses in armour but a few rare examples from the Song dynasty exist (and it is even rarer for these coins to also feature a saddle) as well as some from the Mongol Yuan dynasty that feature horses wearing typical Mongolian horse armour. As horse coins from the Yuan dynasty are extremely rare there hasn't been much research undertaken in determining their usage and origins.

List of horse coins

List of types of horse coins depicting famous horses:

List of variants of horse coins
Transliteration	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Literal English translation	Image
Qin jiang san qi	秦將散騎	秦将散骑	"Followers of General Bai Qi"
Yan jiang yue yi	燕將樂毅	燕将乐毅	"General Yue Yi of the State of Yan"
Piao niao	驃嫋	骠袅	"Fast and slender"
Wu zhui	烏騅	乌骓	"Black spotted horse"
Tang jiang qian li	唐將千里	唐将千里	"Tang General 1,000 li"
Zhen guan shi ji Jue bo	貞觀十驥 訣波	贞观十骥 诀波	"Ten thoroughbreds of Zhen Guan" "Bursting as a wave"
Qian li	千里	千里	"1,000 li"
Qian li zhi ma	千里之馬	千里之马	"1,000 li horse"
Long ju	龍駒	龙驹	"Dragon's Colt"
King Mu of Western Zhou's horses ("The eight outstanding steeds")
Qu Huang	渠黃	渠黄	"Great Yellow"
Lü Er	綠耳	绿耳	"Green ear"
Jue Di	絕地	绝地	"Beyond Earth"
Ben Xiao	奔宵	奔宵	"Rush by Night"
Fan Yu	翻羽	翻羽	"Windswept Plumes"
			"Finer than Flashing Light"
Chao Ying	超影	超影	"Faster than Shadow"
Xie Yi	挾翼	挟翼	"Wing Bearer"
Chao Guang	超光	超光	"Faster than Light"
Teng Wu	騰霧	腾雾	"Rising Mist"
			"Bay Steed"
Dao Li	盜驪	盗骊	"Smoked Ebony"	uncertain
Chi Ji	赤驥	赤骥	"Skewbald Chestnut"	uncertain

Further reading

• Joe Cribb, "Horse Coins: Pieces for Da Ma, the Chinese Board-Game 'Driving the Horses'", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 116-124. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.
• Andrew Lo, "An Introduction to Board Games in Late Imperial China", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 125-132. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.

External links

• Public domain books about horse coins. (Wikimedia Commons)