Andreaea rupestris: Difference between revisions
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= ''Andreaea rupestris'' = |
= ''Andreaea rupestris'' = |
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'''''Andreaea rupestris''''' is a species of moss typically found on smooth, acidic, exposed rock in the Northern hemisphere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Vitt|first=Dale H.|date=2012-02-20|title=A comparative study of Andreaea acutifolia , A. mutabilis , and A. rupestris|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427254|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=367–377|doi=10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427254|issn=0028-825X|via=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Heegaard|first=Einar|date=1997|title=Ecology of Andreaea in western Norway|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/jbr.1997.19.3.527|journal=Journal of Bryology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=527–636|doi=10.1179/jbr.1997.19.3.527|issn=0373-6687|via=}}</ref> They exhibit the common features of their genus ''Andreaea'' such as having very small sporophytes, being acrocarpous, having dark pigmentation, lacking a seta, and bearing 4 lines of dehiscence in their mature sporangia<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/bryophyte|title=Bryophyte - Annotated classification|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>, but can be further identified upon careful examination of their gametophytic leaves which have an ovate base to a more blunt apex<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/bbs/Activities/mosses/Andreaea%20rupestris.pdf|title=Andreaea rupestris|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|page=312|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> compared to other similar species.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=4&taxon_id=200000844|title=Andreaea rupestris in Moss Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> ''Andreaea rupestris'' is in the class Andreaopsida, which are commonly referred to as "lantern mosses" due to the appearance of their dehisced sporangia.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/bryophyta/andreaeopsida.html|title=Introduction to the Andreaeopsida|website=ucmp.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
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The appearance of ''Andreaea rupestris'' is dark in colour, varying from dark red/brown/green to black depending on its life stage.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200000844|title=Andreaea rupestris in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> It grow in patches and dense, cushion-like tufts up to 2-3cm high and has imbricate leaves in dry conditions.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> In moist conditions, the leaves may be falcate-secund yet this does not always hold true<ref name=":4" />. |
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=== Gametophyte === |
=== Gametophyte === |
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The gametophytic leaves have an ovate base tapering to a blunt to acute apex<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> and are less than 1mm in length.<ref name=":4" /> They lack a costa and may have papillae on the dorsal side, particularly on the upper leaves.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Smith, A. J. E. (Anthony John Edwin), 1935-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/813418719|title=The moss flora of Britain and Ireland|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-54185-8|edition=2nd ed|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=813418719}}</ref> The leaves are bordered by shorter, rhombic marginal cells and their laminal cells have thickened cell walls.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /> The perichaetial leaves are typically larger than stem leaves.<ref name=":8" /> In contrast to most bryophytes which have a filamentous protonemal stage, ''Andreaea rupestris'' has thalloid protonema that give rise to the leafy shoot of the gametophyte.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nishida|first=Yuko|date=1971|title=Studies on the Formation of the Protonema and the Leafy Shoot in Andreaea rupestris var. fauriei|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jplantres1887/84/993/84_993_187/_article|journal=Shokubutsugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=84|issue=993|pages=187–192|doi=10.15281/jplantres1887.84.187|issn=0006-808X}}</ref> As a species in the genus ''Andreaea'', they are autoicous, meaning that the male and female organs are on separate branches within the same plant.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=bryo-ecol-subchapters|title=Bryophyte Ecology Volume 1|last=Glime|first=J.M.|date=2017|website=Michigan Tech|format=e-Book|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><br /> |
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=== Sporophyte === |
=== Sporophyte === |
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As characterized by the Andreaopsida, ''Andreaea rupestris'' have very small sporophytes which lack a seta.<ref name=":9" /> Instead, they have a pseudopodium derived from gametophytic tissue attached to the sporangium, extending from the perichaetium.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /> Once fully mature, the sporangium will open by 4 vertical lines of dehiscence to release the spores inside.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The spores are red-brown in colour, usually larger than 20 μm in diameter, and lack elaters. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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== Habitat and Distribution == |
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''Andreaea rupestris'' are typically found in cooler climates on surfaces or fissures of dry, siliceous, exposed rock such as granite.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Vitt|first=Dale H.|last2=Hoe|first2=William J.|date=1980|title=Andreaea in Hawaii|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3242135?origin=crossref|journal=The Bryologist|volume=83|issue=2|pages=212|doi=10.2307/3242135|via=}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> While they can also grow in neutral to mildly basic conditions, they are usually found on acidic rocks and cliff walls. They can be found from sea level to high elevations, but are more commonly associated with higher altitudes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Compared to other species in their genus, they can withstand a wider variety of moisture levels and are better at surviving in drier conditions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> They have been found to grow with other species of their genus such as ''Andreaea nivalis'' , ''A. blyttii'', ''A. rigida, A. crassinervia, A. rothii ssp. rothii, A. rothii ssp. jalcata, A. alpina, and A. obovata''.<ref name=":2" /> |
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They are primarily distributed around the Northern hemisphere in North America, Europe, and Asia<ref name=":5" />. More specifically, they have been confirmed in Canada<ref name=":0" />, the United States<ref name=":1" />, Norway<ref name=":2" />, Britain, Ireland<ref name=":8" />, Kazakhstan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hradílek, Zbyněk Chlachula, Jiří Nesterova, Svetlana Georgievna|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/904795139|title=New bryophyte records from Kazakhstan|date=2011|oclc=904795139}}</ref>, Korea<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Jung-Hyun|last2=An|first2=Ji-Hong|last3=Lee|first3=Byoung Yoon|last4=Kim|first4=Jin-Seok|date=2019-12-31|title=Bryophyte flora of algific slopes in the Korean Peninsula|url=http://www.ebr.or.kr/journal/article.php?code=69947|journal=Environmental Biology Research|volume=37|issue=4|pages=508–525|doi=10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.4.508|issn=1226-9999}}</ref>, China<ref name=":5" />, New Zealand, Antarctica<ref name=":8" /> and more recently, Greece<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blockeel|first=Tom L.|date=2018|title=Mt Tzena, an Important Site for Bryophytes in Greece, with a Remarkably Disjunct Population of the Rich-Fen Moss Cinclidium stygium|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.13158/099.031.0101|journal=Herzogia|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=37–47|doi=10.13158/099.031.0101|issn=0018-0971|via=}}</ref>. |
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== Life Cycle == |
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== Taxonomy == |
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''Andreaea rupestris'' are in the genus ''[[Andreaea]],'' which is comprised of around 100 different species.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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Revision as of 01:33, 8 April 2020
Andreaea rupestris
Andreaea rupestris is a species of moss typically found on smooth, acidic, exposed rock in the Northern hemisphere.[1][2] They exhibit the common features of their genus Andreaea such as having very small sporophytes, being acrocarpous, having dark pigmentation, lacking a seta, and bearing 4 lines of dehiscence in their mature sporangia[3], but can be further identified upon careful examination of their gametophytic leaves which have an ovate base to a more blunt apex[4] compared to other similar species.[5] Andreaea rupestris is in the class Andreaopsida, which are commonly referred to as "lantern mosses" due to the appearance of their dehisced sporangia.[6]
Description
The appearance of Andreaea rupestris is dark in colour, varying from dark red/brown/green to black depending on its life stage.[4][7] It grow in patches and dense, cushion-like tufts up to 2-3cm high and has imbricate leaves in dry conditions.[4][5][7] In moist conditions, the leaves may be falcate-secund yet this does not always hold true[4].
Gametophyte
The gametophytic leaves have an ovate base tapering to a blunt to acute apex[1][5] and are less than 1mm in length.[4] They lack a costa and may have papillae on the dorsal side, particularly on the upper leaves.[7][8] The leaves are bordered by shorter, rhombic marginal cells and their laminal cells have thickened cell walls.[1][5][8] The perichaetial leaves are typically larger than stem leaves.[8] In contrast to most bryophytes which have a filamentous protonemal stage, Andreaea rupestris has thalloid protonema that give rise to the leafy shoot of the gametophyte.[6][9] As a species in the genus Andreaea, they are autoicous, meaning that the male and female organs are on separate branches within the same plant.[10]
Sporophyte
As characterized by the Andreaopsida, Andreaea rupestris have very small sporophytes which lack a seta.[10] Instead, they have a pseudopodium derived from gametophytic tissue attached to the sporangium, extending from the perichaetium.[3][10] Once fully mature, the sporangium will open by 4 vertical lines of dehiscence to release the spores inside.[3][5] The spores are red-brown in colour, usually larger than 20 μm in diameter, and lack elaters. [5][7][10]
Habitat and Distribution
Andreaea rupestris are typically found in cooler climates on surfaces or fissures of dry, siliceous, exposed rock such as granite.[2][8][11][10] While they can also grow in neutral to mildly basic conditions, they are usually found on acidic rocks and cliff walls. They can be found from sea level to high elevations, but are more commonly associated with higher altitudes.[1][2][4][11] Compared to other species in their genus, they can withstand a wider variety of moisture levels and are better at surviving in drier conditions.[2][4] They have been found to grow with other species of their genus such as Andreaea nivalis , A. blyttii, A. rigida, A. crassinervia, A. rothii ssp. rothii, A. rothii ssp. jalcata, A. alpina, and A. obovata.[2]
They are primarily distributed around the Northern hemisphere in North America, Europe, and Asia[5]. More specifically, they have been confirmed in Canada[1], the United States[11], Norway[2], Britain, Ireland[8], Kazakhstan[12], Korea[13], China[5], New Zealand, Antarctica[8] and more recently, Greece[14].
Life Cycle
Taxonomy
Andreaea rupestris are in the genus Andreaea, which is comprised of around 100 different species.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e Vitt, Dale H. (2012-02-20). "A comparative study of Andreaea acutifolia , A. mutabilis , and A. rupestris". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 18 (3): 367–377. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427254. ISSN 0028-825X.
- ^ a b c d e f Heegaard, Einar (1997). "Ecology of Andreaea in western Norway". Journal of Bryology. 19 (3): 527–636. doi:10.1179/jbr.1997.19.3.527. ISSN 0373-6687.
- ^ a b c d "Bryophyte - Annotated classification". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Andreaea rupestris" (PDF). Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. p. 312. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Andreaea rupestris in Moss Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ a b "Introduction to the Andreaeopsida". ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ a b c d "Andreaea rupestris in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, A. J. E. (Anthony John Edwin), 1935- (2004). The moss flora of Britain and Ireland (2nd ed ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-54185-8. OCLC 813418719.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Nishida, Yuko (1971). "Studies on the Formation of the Protonema and the Leafy Shoot in Andreaea rupestris var. fauriei". Shokubutsugaku Zasshi. 84 (993): 187–192. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.84.187. ISSN 0006-808X.
- ^ a b c d e Glime, J.M. (2017). "Bryophyte Ecology Volume 1" (e-Book). Michigan Tech. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Vitt, Dale H.; Hoe, William J. (1980). "Andreaea in Hawaii". The Bryologist. 83 (2): 212. doi:10.2307/3242135.
- ^ Hradílek, Zbyněk Chlachula, Jiří Nesterova, Svetlana Georgievna (2011). New bryophyte records from Kazakhstan. OCLC 904795139.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kim, Jung-Hyun; An, Ji-Hong; Lee, Byoung Yoon; Kim, Jin-Seok (2019-12-31). "Bryophyte flora of algific slopes in the Korean Peninsula". Environmental Biology Research. 37 (4): 508–525. doi:10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.4.508. ISSN 1226-9999.
- ^ Blockeel, Tom L. (2018). "Mt Tzena, an Important Site for Bryophytes in Greece, with a Remarkably Disjunct Population of the Rich-Fen Moss Cinclidium stygium". Herzogia. 31 (1): 37–47. doi:10.13158/099.031.0101. ISSN 0018-0971.