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| {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[æ]}}{{efn|Exact allophones vary by a region's or even individual's participation in either a nasal or continuous system. The nasal system has a high vowel [eə] for n; mid vowel [ɛə] before b, g, d, dzh; p. 174; and lax [æ] elsewhere. It appears in Nova Scotia, scattered in the south Midland (175), throughout NEE and WPA, scattered in the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and scattered in the Western US (182)}}
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[æ]}}{{efn|Exact allophones vary by a region's or even individual's participation in either a nasal or continuous system. The nasal system has a high vowel [eə] for n; mid vowel [ɛə] before b, g, d, dzh; p. 174; and lax [æ] elsewhere. It appears in Nova Scotia, scattered in the Midland US (175), throughout NEE and WPA, scattered in the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and scattered in the Western US (182). The continuous system is more continuey, concentrated in St. John & scattered in the Midland and West (182).}}
| rowspan="2" | continuous {{IPA|[eʲ]}}
| rowspan="2" | continuous {{IPA|[eʲ]}}
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɛ(j)ə~æ]}}
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɛ(j)ə~æ]}}

Revision as of 20:48, 14 April 2020

/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Environment Phonemic systems Non-phonemic (continuous) systems
Consonant after /æ/ Example words New York City & New Orleans Baltimore & Philadelphia General US, Florida, Midland US, New England, & Western US Canadian, Northwest US, & Upper Midwest US Southern US & Black Vernacular Great Lakes US
/m, n/ Checked: aunt, fan, ham, pants, plan, lamb, understand,[2] etc.[a] [eə][4] [iə][b] [ɛə~æ] [ɛə~eə] [eə]
Free: animal, ceramic, manatee, Montana, planet, Spanish,[5] etc.[note 1] [æ][7]
/ɡ/ Checked: bag, drag, tag,[8] etc. [eə][9] [æ][10] [æ][c] continuous [eʲ] [ɛ(j)ə~æ] [ɛə~æ]
Free: agate, dragon, magazine, etc. [æ][11]
/b, d, dʒ, ʃ/ Checked: bad, flash, glad, grab, mad, sad,[12] etc.[d] [eə][13] continuous [æ] [eə~ɛə]
/f, s, θ/ Checked: ask, bath, calf, half, glass,[14] etc. [eə][15]
Others as, back, frank, happy, locality;[16] etc. [æ][17]
For the phoneme /æ/, [eə] represents a tense pronunciation and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) pronunciation. The term "continuous" refers to a system without a decisive phonemic split of /æ/, followed by whichever allophone predominates in the given context.

Notes

  1. ^ In Philadelphia, began, ran, and swam alone remain lax.[3]
  2. ^ Exact allophones vary by region's or even individual's participation in a nasal or continuous system.
  3. ^ Exact allophones vary by a region's or even individual's participation in either a nasal or continuous system. The nasal system has a high vowel [eə] for n; mid vowel [ɛə] before b, g, d, dzh; p. 174; and lax [æ] elsewhere. It appears in Nova Scotia, scattered in the Midland US (175), throughout NEE and WPA, scattered in the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and scattered in the Western US (182). The continuous system is more continuey, concentrated in St. John & scattered in the Midland and West (182).
  4. ^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this set become tense.
Footnotes
  • Nearly all American English speakers pronounce /æŋ/ somewhere between [æŋ] and [eɪŋ], though Western speakers specifically favor [eɪŋ].
  • The Great Lakes dialect traditionally tenses /æ/ in all cases to at least some degree, but reversals of that tensing before non-nasal consonants (while often maintaining some of the other vowel shifts of the region) has been observed recently where it has been studied (in Lansing and Syracuse).
  • In American phonology, /æ/ before /r/ is often transcribed as /ɛ/ due to the prevalence of the Mary–marry merger. However, a distinct /æ/ before /r/ remains in much of the Northeastern U.S. (strongest in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore) and some of the Southern U.S.


TENSE": magic, imagine,

checked /b, d, dʒ/ or any old /b, d, ʃ, v, z/?

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A chart of the pronunciation of stressed /ɒr/ and /ɔːr/ before a vowel
represented by the diaphoneme /ɒr/ represented by the diaphoneme /ɔr/
pronounced [ɒɹ] in mainstream England pronounced [ɔːɹ] in mainstream England
pronounced [ɒɹ] in Boston pronounced [ɔɹ] in Boston
pronounced [ɔɹ] in Canada
pronounced [ɒɹ~ɑɹ] in New York City pronounced [ɔɹ] in New York City
pronounced [ɑɹ] in the mainstream United States pronounced [ɔɹ] in the mainstream United States
these five words only:
borrow, morrow,
sorry, sorrow,
tomorrow 		corridor, euphoric,
foreign, forest,
Florida, historic,
horrible, majority,
minority, moral,
orange, Oregon,
origin, porridge,
priority, quarantine,
quarrel, sorority,
warranty, warren,
warrior (etc.) 		aura, boring,
choral, deplorable,
flooring, flora,
glory, hoary,
memorial, menorah,
orientation, Moorish,
oral, pouring,
scorer, storage,
story, Tory,
warring (etc.)
  1. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 182. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
  2. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  3. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 238.
  4. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  5. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  6. ^ Trager, George L. (1940) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two: The Case of 'Short A' in American Speech: 3rd ed. Vol. 15: Duke UP. 256. Print.
  7. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  8. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 174.
  9. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  10. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  11. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  12. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  13. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  14. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  15. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173.
  16. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  17. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.


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