Production quota: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Production goal or limit}}A '''production quota''' is a goal for the [[Production (economics)|production]] of a [[good (economics)|good]]. It is typically set by a government or an organization, and can be applied to an individual worker, firm, industry or country. Quotas can be set high to encourage production, or can be used to restrict production to [[Price controls|support a certain price level]].<ref> |
{{Short description|Production goal or limit}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} |
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A '''production quota''' is a goal for the [[Production (economics)|production]] of a [[good (economics)|good]]. It is typically set by a government or an organization, and can be applied to an individual worker, firm, industry or country. Quotas can be set high to encourage production, or can be used to restrict production to [[Price controls|support a certain price level]].<ref> |
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|first1=Michael |last1=Parkin |first2=Melanie |last2=Powell |first3=Kent |last3=Matthews |
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Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good at the expense of consumers in that economy. Possible effects include [[Political corruption|corruption]] (bribes to increase a quota allocation) or [[smuggling]] (concealed actions to exceed a quota). Quotas are considered to be less economically efficient than [[tariff]]s, which in turn are less economically efficient than [[free trade]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good at the expense of consumers in that economy. Possible effects include [[Political corruption|corruption]] (bribes to increase a quota allocation) or [[smuggling]] (concealed actions to exceed a quota). Quotas are considered to be less economically efficient than [[tariff]]s, which in turn are less economically efficient than [[free trade]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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Quotas disrupt normal business cycles and do not help innovation. While it may seem like a good idea for producers to enact a production quota, it has long-term negative consequences. Customers will often try to find alternative solutions. In the case of oil, people will either purchase different natural energy sources or work towards finding renewable energy sources.<ref>Investing Answers 2019, |
Quotas disrupt normal business cycles and do not help innovation. While it may seem like a good idea for producers to enact a production quota, it has long-term negative consequences. Customers will often try to find alternative solutions. In the case of oil, people will either purchase different natural energy sources or work towards finding renewable energy sources.<ref>Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota>. |
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Quotas also create deadweight loss. When a production quota has been added, there is a loss in consumer surplus and creation of deadweight loss.<ref name="Schmitz p119-147"/> This triangle is also known as the ‘[[Deadweight loss#Harberger's triangle|Harberger Triangle]]’.<ref> |
Quotas also create deadweight loss. When a production quota has been added, there is a loss in consumer surplus and creation of deadweight loss.<ref name="Schmitz p119-147"/> This triangle is also known as the ‘[[Deadweight loss#Harberger's triangle|Harberger Triangle]]’.<ref>Hines, J R Jr. 1998, 'Three Sides of Harberger Triangles', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 6852. |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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*[[Oil production]] by [[OPEC]] |
*[[Oil production]] by [[OPEC]] |
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The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a key example of an organization that uses production quotas. The 14 member states set a production quota for crude oil. This |
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a key example of an organization that uses production quotas. The 14 member states set a production quota for crude oil. This "maintains" the cost of crude oil per barrel in world markets.<ref>Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota></ref> |
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*[[Common Agricultural Policy]] by the [[European Union]] |
*[[Common Agricultural Policy]] by the [[European Union]] |
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*A 10-percent increase in production quotas for construction workers triggered the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]. |
*A 10-percent increase in production quotas for construction workers triggered the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]. |
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*Agricultural Policy of the United States during the Great Depression |
*Agricultural Policy of the United States during the Great Depression |
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During the [[Great Depression]], many production quotas were implemented. The purpose was to restrict the levels of production below competitive levels, which would increase the |
During the [[Great Depression]], many production quotas were implemented. The purpose was to restrict the levels of production below competitive levels, which would increase the producer's income.<ref name="Schmitz p119-147"/> This was important when the price of agricultural products in the global markets had taken a dramatic decline.<ref>Hurt, R D 2002, Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, Ivan R. Dee.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stalinmodel.htm The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy] |
*[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stalinmodel.htm The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}} |
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[[Category:Price controls]] |
[[Category:Price controls]] |
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[[Category:Quotas]] |
[[Category:Quotas]] |
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{{economy-stub}} |
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Revision as of 05:25, 8 June 2020
A production quota is a goal for the production of a good. It is typically set by a government or an organization, and can be applied to an individual worker, firm, industry or country. Quotas can be set high to encourage production, or can be used to restrict production to support a certain price level.[1]
What is a quota?
A quota refers to a measure that limits, either minimum or maximum, on a particular activity. Quotas are usually enacted by governments or organizations to protect domestic industries. In short, it limits the number of goods a country can export or import during a certain period of time.
Criticism
Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good at the expense of consumers in that economy. Possible effects include corruption (bribes to increase a quota allocation) or smuggling (concealed actions to exceed a quota). Quotas are considered to be less economically efficient than tariffs, which in turn are less economically efficient than free trade.[citation needed]
Quotas disrupt normal business cycles and do not help innovation. While it may seem like a good idea for producers to enact a production quota, it has long-term negative consequences. Customers will often try to find alternative solutions. In the case of oil, people will either purchase different natural energy sources or work towards finding renewable energy sources.[2] Quotas also create deadweight loss. When a production quota has been added, there is a loss in consumer surplus and creation of deadweight loss.[3] This triangle is also known as the ‘Harberger Triangle’.[4]
Examples
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a key example of an organization that uses production quotas. The 14 member states set a production quota for crude oil. This "maintains" the cost of crude oil per barrel in world markets.[5]
- Common Agricultural Policy by the European Union
- A 10-percent increase in production quotas for construction workers triggered the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany.
- Agricultural Policy of the United States during the Great Depression
During the Great Depression, many production quotas were implemented. The purpose was to restrict the levels of production below competitive levels, which would increase the producer's income.[3] This was important when the price of agricultural products in the global markets had taken a dramatic decline.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Parkin, Michael; Powell, Melanie; Matthews, Kent (2007). Economics. Pearson Education. p. 134. ISBN 0-13-204122-7. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
- ^ Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota>.
- ^ a b Schmitz, A, Haynes, D, & Schmitz, T G 2016, ‘The Not-So-Simple Economics of Production Quota Buyouts’, Journal of Agriculture and Applied Economics vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 119-147.
- ^ Hines, J R Jr. 1998, 'Three Sides of Harberger Triangles', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 6852.
- ^ Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota>
- ^ Hurt, R D 2002, Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, Ivan R. Dee.