Tinglish: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Bhuyquang1 (talk | contribs) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→Pronunciation: add refs and try to ce |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
[[Image:Tinglish01.JPG|frame|right|Tinglish is even widespread on official signs in Thailand.]] |
[[Image:Tinglish01.JPG|frame|right|Tinglish is even widespread on official signs in Thailand.]] |
||
'''Tinglish''' (or '''Thaiglish''', '''Thenglish''', '''Thailish''', '''Thainglish''', etc.) refers to any form of [[English language|English]] mixed with or heavily influenced by [[Thai language|Thai]]. It is typically produced by native Thai speakers due to [[language transfer|language interference]] from the first language. Differences from standard native English occur in [[Non-native pronunciations of English#Thai|pronunciation]], vocabulary, and grammar.<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 1-33. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref> |
'''Tinglish''' (or '''Thaiglish''', '''Thenglish''', '''Thailish''', '''Thainglish''', etc.) refers to any form of [[English language|English]] mixed with or heavily influenced by [[Thai language|Thai]]. It is typically produced by native Thai speakers due to [[language transfer|language interference]] from the first language. Differences from standard native English occur in [[Non-native pronunciations of English#Thai|pronunciation]], vocabulary, and grammar.<ref name=":0">Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 1-33. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref> |
||
The earliest term is ''Thailish'', dating to 1970, then (in chronological order): ''Thainglish'' (1973), ''Thaiglish'' (1992), ''Tinglish'' (1994), ''Thinglish'' (1976), ''Thenglish'' (2003), and ''Tenglish'' (2012).<ref |
The earliest term is ''Thailish'', dating to 1970, then (in chronological order): ''Thainglish'' (1973), ''Thaiglish'' (1992), ''Tinglish'' (1994), ''Thinglish'' (1976), ''Thenglish'' (2003), and ''Tenglish'' (2012).<ref name=":0" /> |
||
==Characteristics and examples== |
==Characteristics and examples== |
||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
* ''any'' and ''every'' are used interchangeably |
* ''any'' and ''every'' are used interchangeably |
||
* different use of conditional constructions |
* different use of conditional constructions |
||
* pronunciation of [[silent letters]] in a word |
|||
* omission of the consonant at the end of words ending in a diphthong and a consonant, for instance ''Mickey Mouse'' pronounced “Mickey Mao”, ''white wine'' pronounced “why why”, and ''news'' pronounced “new”. |
|||
* inserting vowel sounds into consonant clusters, for instance ''slow'' pronounced “sah-low” |
|||
* no use of [[double negatives]] |
* no use of [[double negatives]] |
||
* /ɹ/ pronounced as /l/ or rarely as [[Alveolar trill|/r/]] |
|||
* [[Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩|⟨th⟩]] pronounced as /t/ |
|||
* using "N" to replace an "L" sound at the end of the word, for instance "school" pronounced "sah-koon" or "football" pronounced "futbon" |
|||
* moving "S" on singular verbs to the subject, for instance "He's talk too much" instead of "He talks too much" |
* moving "S" on singular verbs to the subject, for instance "He's talk too much" instead of "He talks too much" |
||
* omission of prepositions, for instance "I wait you" instead of "I'll wait for you" or "I listen him" for "I listened to him". |
* omission of prepositions, for instance "I wait you" instead of "I'll wait for you" or "I listen him" for "I listened to him". |
||
| Line 72: | Line 66: | ||
==Pronunciation== |
==Pronunciation== |
||
As some sounds in English |
As some sounds in English do not exist in the Thai language, this affects the way native Thai speakers [[pronunciation|pronounce]] English words, as displayed in loanwords. |
||
* [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|Non-rhotic]], e.g., more -> maw ({{IPA|[mɔː]}}), gear -> gia ({{IPA|[kia]}}), and car -> kah ({{IPA|[kʰaː]}}). |
|||
* all syllables are stressed with the same intensity |
|||
* omits consonant clusters. "Mixed" is pronounced "mik". |
|||
* final consonants are often omitted or converted according to the rules of Thai pronunciation: ''l'' and ''r'' become ''n''; ''p''; ''b'' and ''f'' become an occlusive ''p''; ''t'', ''th'', ''d'', ''s'', ''st'', ''sh'', ''ch'' and ''j'' become an occlusive ''t''. |
|||
* Perversely, given the language constraints for ''d'' and ''l'' among the rules above, ''l'' can become ''r'' and ''d'' can become ''sh'', for instance ''blood'' can become ''brush''. |
|||
* If there is more than one consonant at the end of a syllable, only the first is pronounced, the others are omitted. "W" and "Y" sounds count as consonants, too. So, "count down" becomes "cow dow", "size" becomes "sigh" |
|||
* "sh" and "ch" sounds can be indistinguishable as the Thai language does not have the "sh" sound, e.g., ship/chip, sheep/cheap |
|||
* "v" sound is almost always replaced by "w" sound, e.g. "TV" is pronounced "tee-wee" and "video" is pronounced "wee-dee-oh". |
|||
* "g" and "z" sounds are usually devoiced, e.g., dog -> dock ({{IPA|[ˈdɔk]}}), zoo -> sue ({{IPA|[ˈsuː]}}) |
|||
* "th" sound is often replaced by "t" or "d" sound. Particularly, the voiceless "th" ({{IPA|/θ/}}) is replaced by {{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[tʰ]}}, while the voiced "th" ({{IPA|/ð/}}) is replaced by {{IPA|[d]}}, e.g. thin -> tin ({{IPA|[ˈtin]}}) or {{IPA|[ˈtʰin]}}), through -> true ({{IPA|[ˈtʰɹuː]}}), thank you -> tang kyou ({{IPA|[tɛŋ kiw]}}) or ({{IPA|[tʰɛŋ kiw]}}), and then -> den ({{IPA|[ˈden]}}). |
|||
* ambiguity between the short "e" ({{IPA|/ɛ/}}), as in "bled", and a long "a" ({{IPA|/eɪ/}}), as in "blade" because both are pronounced as {{IPA|[e(ː)]}}. |
|||
* "e (vowel) " so cherry is pronounced chuhr-lee, error is pronounced err-rer |
|||
=== Adaptation of consonants === |
|||
In Thai, certain consonants cannot occur as a [[consonant cluster]]. Such illicit clusters include those with [[Sibilant consonants|sibilant sounds]] followed by [[Obstruent consonant|obstruent sounds]]. In order to avoid such illicit forms, a short "a" (ah; [ə]) sound is added between these consonants: |
|||
English consonants with corresponding sounds in Thai are simply carried over, while others are adapted to a similar-sounding consonant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kenstowicz|first=Michael|last2=Suchato|first2=Atiwong|date=2006|title=Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0024384105001002|journal=Lingua|language=en|volume=116|issue=7|pages=921–949|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006}}</ref> |
|||
*{{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, and {{IPA|/tɕ/}}: "goal" → {{IPA|/kōː/}}, "zip" → {{IPA|/síp/}}, "jam" → {{IPA|/tɕɛ̄ːm/}}. |
|||
*{{IPA|/ʃ/}} becomes the affricate {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}: "shirt" → {{IPA|/tɕʰɤ́ːt/}}. |
|||
*The "th" sounds {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} are replaced by {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}}: "thank you" → {{IPA|/tɛ́ŋ.kîw/}} |
|||
*Initial {{IPA|/v/}} is replaced by {{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}, but final {{IPA|/v/}} is replaced by {{IPA|/p/}}: "level" → {{IPA|/lēː.wêw/}}, "serve" → {{IPA|/sɤ̀ːp/}}. |
|||
*Initial [[Consonant cluster|consonant clusters]] with {{IPA|/s/}} followed by a voiceless unaspirated stop do not occur in Thai, so {{IPA|/ə/}} is added between these consonants: "start" → {{IPA|/səˈtaːt/}} |
|||
*Final {{IPA|/l/}} became {{IPA|/n/}} in older loanwords, whereas modern adaptation generally favors {{IPA|/enwiki/w/}} instead: "grill" → {{IPA|/krīw/}}. |
|||
*Final consonant clusters are generally truncated to only the sound directly after the vowel: "act" → {{IPA|/ɛ́k/}}. |
|||
=== Adaptation of vowels === |
|||
*start - sahtat ({{IPA|/səˈtaːt/}}) |
|||
*sleep - sahleep ({{IPA|/səˈliːp/}}) |
|||
*speak - sahpeak ({{IPA|/səˈpiːk/}}) |
|||
*snore - sahnore ({{IPA|/səˈnɔː/}}) |
|||
*swim - sahwim ({{IPA|/səˈwim/}}) |
|||
*school - sahkoon ({{IPA|/səˈkʰuːn/}}) |
|||
*album - alabum ({{IPA|/ələˈbam/}}) |
|||
* Diphthongs and triphthongs are generally simplified to long vowels, such as the {{IPA|/ei/}} in "blade" becoming {{IPA|/eː/}}. Exceptions are diphthongs ending in {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, which are instead reanalyzed as the Thai diphthongs ending in {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}: "tie" → {{IPA|/tʰāj/}}, "view" → {{IPA|/wīw/}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Nacaskul|first=Karnchana|title=Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer Phonetics and Phonology in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson|publisher=Chulalongkorn University Press|year=1979|editor-last=Thongkum|editor-first=Theraphan L.|location=Bangkok|pages=151-162|chapter=A note on English loanwords in Thai|editor-last2=Panupong|editor-first2=Vichin|editor-last3=Kullavanijaya|editor-first3=Pranee|editor-last4=Tingsabadh|editor-first4=Kalaya|chapter-url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nacaskul1979note.pdf}}</ref> |
|||
'R' or 'l' after another consonant may be omitted completely. |
|||
=== Tone assignment === |
|||
All Thai syllables must have one of five tones (mid, low, falling, high, rising). English words adapted into Thai are systematically given these tones according to certain rules. English loanwords are often unusual in that tone markers are normally omitted, meaning that they are often pronounced with a different tone from that indicated by their spelling.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
|||
* Monosyllabic words that end in [[Sonorant|sonorants]] take the mid tone, while those that end in [[Obstruent|obstruents]] either take the low tone or the high tone, with the high tone predominant. |
|||
* For polysyllabics, the nonfinal consonants follow similar rules to monosyllabics, although they always take high tone when ending in obstruents. |
|||
* The tone of final consonants that end in sonorants depend on where the stress falls in the original English word. If the final syllable is stressed, the mid tone is taken, while non-final stress correlates with the falling tone being taken. |
|||
* Final consonants ending in obstruents take the low, high, or falling tone in descending order of frequency. |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 21:07, 22 February 2021
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Tinglish (or Thaiglish, Thenglish, Thailish, Thainglish, etc.) refers to any form of English mixed with or heavily influenced by Thai. It is typically produced by native Thai speakers due to language interference from the first language. Differences from standard native English occur in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.[1]
The earliest term is Thailish, dating to 1970, then (in chronological order): Thainglish (1973), Thaiglish (1992), Tinglish (1994), Thinglish (1976), Thenglish (2003), and Tenglish (2012).[1]
Characteristics and examples
Characteristics and examples (direct translation) include [dubious – discuss]:
- omission of pronouns
- zero copula
- use of present tense + already, in contrast to past tense of Standard English
- non-standard use or omissions of articles, declension, prepositions, and conjugation.
- addition of Thai final particles, e.g., I don’t know na
- any and every are used interchangeably
- different use of conditional constructions
- no use of double negatives
- moving "S" on singular verbs to the subject, for instance "He's talk too much" instead of "He talks too much"
- omission of prepositions, for instance "I wait you" instead of "I'll wait for you" or "I listen him" for "I listened to him".
- "very" and "very much" are used interchangeably, for instance "I very love my daughter" and "She beautiful very much".
Examples of words and phrases
Examples (direct translation) include:
| Phrase | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Same same | Similar, as usual |
| He same you | He is/looks like you |
| Open/close the light | Turn on/off the light |
| No have … | There is no ..., I do not have a … |
| I send you airport | I will take you to the airport |
| I have ever been to London | I have been to London |
| I'm interesting in football | I am interested in football |
| I very like it | I really like it, I like it very much |
| I used to go Phuket | I have been to Phuket before |
| Take a bath | Take a shower |
| She black | She's dark skinned/tanned |
| Are you spicy? | Does your food taste spicy? |
| Are you boring? | Do you feel bored? |
| I play internet/phone | I'm using the internet/my phone |
| Check bill | Can I have the bill, please? |
Pronunciation
As some sounds in English do not exist in the Thai language, this affects the way native Thai speakers pronounce English words, as displayed in loanwords.
Adaptation of consonants
English consonants with corresponding sounds in Thai are simply carried over, while others are adapted to a similar-sounding consonant.[2]
- /g/, /z/, and /dʒ/ are devoiced to /k/, /s/, and /tɕ/: "goal" → /kōː/, "zip" → /síp/, "jam" → /tɕɛ̄ːm/.
- /ʃ/ becomes the affricate /tɕʰ/: "shirt" → /tɕʰɤ́ːt/.
- The "th" sounds /θ/ and /ð/ are replaced by /t/ or /d/: "thank you" → /tɛ́ŋ.kîw/
- Initial /v/ is replaced by /enwiki/w/, but final /v/ is replaced by /p/: "level" → /lēː.wêw/, "serve" → /sɤ̀ːp/.
- Initial consonant clusters with /s/ followed by a voiceless unaspirated stop do not occur in Thai, so /ə/ is added between these consonants: "start" → /səˈtaːt/
- Final /l/ became /n/ in older loanwords, whereas modern adaptation generally favors /enwiki/w/ instead: "grill" → /krīw/.
- Final consonant clusters are generally truncated to only the sound directly after the vowel: "act" → /ɛ́k/.
Adaptation of vowels
- Diphthongs and triphthongs are generally simplified to long vowels, such as the /ei/ in "blade" becoming /eː/. Exceptions are diphthongs ending in /i/ and /u/, which are instead reanalyzed as the Thai diphthongs ending in /j/ and /enwiki/w/: "tie" → /tʰāj/, "view" → /wīw/.[3]
Tone assignment
All Thai syllables must have one of five tones (mid, low, falling, high, rising). English words adapted into Thai are systematically given these tones according to certain rules. English loanwords are often unusual in that tone markers are normally omitted, meaning that they are often pronounced with a different tone from that indicated by their spelling.[2][3]
- Monosyllabic words that end in sonorants take the mid tone, while those that end in obstruents either take the low tone or the high tone, with the high tone predominant.
- For polysyllabics, the nonfinal consonants follow similar rules to monosyllabics, although they always take high tone when ending in obstruents.
- The tone of final consonants that end in sonorants depend on where the stress falls in the original English word. If the final syllable is stressed, the mid tone is taken, while non-final stress correlates with the falling tone being taken.
- Final consonants ending in obstruents take the low, high, or falling tone in descending order of frequency.
References
- ^ a b Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 1-33. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
- ^ a b Kenstowicz, Michael; Suchato, Atiwong (2006). "Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai". Lingua. 116 (7): 921–949. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006.
- ^ a b Nacaskul, Karnchana (1979). "A note on English loanwords in Thai" (PDF). In Thongkum, Theraphan L.; Panupong, Vichin; Kullavanijaya, Pranee; Tingsabadh, Kalaya (eds.). Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer Phonetics and Phonology in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 151–162.
External links
- Investigating Thai Loan Phonology, Sound Systems of English, LG.236, Lecture 8, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Thammasat University, 8 Sep 2008.