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'''Tracheids''' are elongated [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in the [[xylem]] of [[vascular plant]]s that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of [[tracheary element]]s, [[vessel element]]s being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have [[Glossary of botanical terms#perforation plate|perforation plates]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Esau |first=K. |year=1977 |title=Anatomy of Seed Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofseedpla00esau |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=New York |edition=2nd |isbn=0-471-24520-8 }}</ref>
'''Tracheids''' are elongated [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in the [[xylem]] of [[vascular plant]]s that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of [[tracheary element]]s, [[vessel element]]s being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have [[Glossary of botanical terms#perforation plate|perforation plates]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Esau |first=K. |year=1977 |title=Anatomy of Seed Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofseedpla00esau |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=New York |edition=2nd |isbn=0-471-24520-8 }}</ref>


All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the [[protoplast]] has broken down and disappeared.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter A. Raven |author2=Ray F. Evert |author3=Susan E. Eichhorn |year=1999|title=Biology of Plants|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|pages=576–577|isbn=1-57259-611-2|nopp=}}</ref> The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from [[non-vascular plant]]s. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms—as annular rings; as continuous helices (called helical or spiral); as a network (called reticulate); as transverse nets (called scalariform); or, as extensive thickenings except in the region of pits (called pitted).<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/3_PLANT_ANATOMY.htm |title=Plant Cell Biology: Pre-University |chapter=Plant anatomy |author=G. R. Kantharaj |accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref>
All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the [[protoplast]] has broken down and disappeared.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter A. Raven |author2=Ray F. Evert |author3=Susan E. Eichhorn |year=1999|title=Biology of Plants|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|pages=576–577|isbn=1-57259-611-2}}</ref> The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from [[non-vascular plant]]s. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms—as annular rings; as continuous helices (called helical or spiral); as a network (called reticulate); as transverse nets (called scalariform); or, as extensive thickenings except in the region of pits (called pitted).<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/3_PLANT_ANATOMY.htm |title=Plant Cell Biology: Pre-University |chapter=Plant anatomy |author=G. R. Kantharaj |accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref>


Tracheids provide most of the structural support in [[softwood]]s, where they are the major cell type.
Tracheids provide most of the structural support in [[softwood]]s, where they are the major cell type.
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Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by [[adhesion]]) when [[transpiration]] is not occurring. This is likely one mechanism that helps plants prevent [[air embolism]]s.
Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by [[adhesion]]) when [[transpiration]] is not occurring. This is likely one mechanism that helps plants prevent [[air embolism]]s.


The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as ''Tracheide'', in German.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sanio |first=C. |year=1863 |title=Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers |journal=Bot. Zeitung |volume=21 |issue= |pages=85–91; 93–98; 101–111 |issn= 2509-5420 }}</ref>
The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as ''Tracheide'', in German.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sanio |first=C. |year=1863 |title=Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers |journal=Bot. Zeitung |volume=21 |pages=85–91; 93–98; 101–111 |issn= 2509-5420 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 05:12, 7 December 2020

Tracheid of oak shows pits along the walls. It is longer than a vessel element and has no perforation plates.

Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of tracheary elements, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have perforation plates.[1]

All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the protoplast has broken down and disappeared.[2] The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from non-vascular plants. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms—as annular rings; as continuous helices (called helical or spiral); as a network (called reticulate); as transverse nets (called scalariform); or, as extensive thickenings except in the region of pits (called pitted).[3]

Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This is likely one mechanism that helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as Tracheide, in German.[4]

References

  1. ^ Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-24520-8.
  2. ^ Peter A. Raven; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (1999). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 576–577. ISBN 1-57259-611-2.
  3. ^ G. R. Kantharaj, "Plant anatomy", Plant Cell Biology: Pre-University, retrieved 2 October 2014
  4. ^ Sanio, C. (1863). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers". Bot. Zeitung. 21: 85–91, 93–98, 101–111. ISSN 2509-5420.

Further reading

  • Wilson, K.; White, D. J. B. (1986). The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and Variability. London: Stobart & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-85442-033-9.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "Tracheid".
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