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The '''lymphatic endothelium''' is a specialised form of [[epithelium]], distinct from but similar to [[endothelium|vascular endothelium]]. A [[lymph]] [[capillary]] endothelial cell is distinct from other endothelial cells in that [[collagen fiber]]s are directly attached to its [[plasma membrane]].
The '''lymphatic endothelium''' is a specialised form of [[epithelium]], distinct from but similar to [[endothelium|vascular endothelium]]. A [[lymph]] [[capillary]] endothelial cell is distinct from other endothelial cells in that [[collagen fiber]]s are directly attached to its [[plasma membrane]].


Although [[lymphatic]]s were first described by [[Hippocrates]] in 400BC and rediscovered as "milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog" in the 17th century by [[Gasparo Aselli]], they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 [[Howard Florey]] showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that [[VEGF-R3]] and [[VEGF-C]]/[[VEGF-D]] were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being [[LYVE-1]] (Jackson et al.,1999)<ref name="J.Cell Biol">{{cite journal | title = J.Cell Biol: LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan 1| journal = The Journal of Cell Biology| volume = 144| issue = 4| pages = 789–801| doi = 10.1083/jcb.144.4.789| year = 1999| last1 = Banerji| first1 = Suneale| last2 = Ni| first2 = Jian| last3 = Wang| first3 = Shu-Xia| last4 = Clasper| first4 = Steven| last5 = Su| first5 = Jeffrey| last6 = Tammi| first6 = Raija| last7 = Jones| first7 = Margaret| last8 = Jackson| first8 = David G.| pmid = 10037799| pmc = 2132933}}</ref> and [[PDPN|podoplanin]] (Kerjaschki,1999).<ref name="American Journal of Pathology">{{cite web| title = Am. J. Pathol: Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic andothelium 2| url = http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/385?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Angiosarcomas+express+mixed+endothelial+phenotypes+of+blood+and+lymphatic+capill&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&firstpage=385&fdate=1/1/1999&tdate=12/31/1999&resourcetype=HWCIT| accessdate = }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Although [[lymphatic]]s were first described by [[Hippocrates]] in 400BC and rediscovered as "milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog" in the 17th century by [[Gasparo Aselli]], they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 [[Howard Florey]] showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that [[VEGF-R3]] and [[VEGF-C]]/[[VEGF-D]] were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being [[LYVE-1]] (Jackson et al., 1999)<ref name="J.Cell Biol">{{cite journal | title = LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan 1| journal = The Journal of Cell Biology| volume = 144| issue = 4| pages = 789–801| doi = 10.1083/jcb.144.4.789| year = 1999| last1 = Banerji| first1 = Suneale| last2 = Ni| first2 = Jian| last3 = Wang| first3 = Shu-Xia| last4 = Clasper| first4 = Steven| last5 = Su| first5 = Jeffrey| last6 = Tammi| first6 = Raija| last7 = Jones| first7 = Margaret| last8 = Jackson| first8 = David G.| pmid = 10037799| pmc = 2132933}}</ref> and [[PDPN|podoplanin]] (Kerjaschki, 1999).<ref name="American Journal of Pathology">{{cite journal|first1=Silvana|last1=Breiteneder-Geleff|first2=Afschin|last2=Soleiman|first3=Heinrich|last3=Kowalski|first4=Reinhard|last4=Horvat|first5=Gabriele|last5=Amann|first6=Ernst|last6=Kriehuber|first7=Katja|last7=Diem|first8=Wolfgang|last8=Weninger|first9=Erwin|last9=Tschachler|first10=Kari|last10=Alitalo|first11=Dontscho|last11=Kerjaschki|title = Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic andothelium|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849992/|journal=American Journal of Pathology|volume=154|issue=2|pages=385–394|pmid=10027397|pmc=1849992|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65285-6|accessdate = April 4, 2021}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal | author=Jackson DG |title=The lymphatics revisited: new perspectives from the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 |journal=Trends Cardiovasc. Med. |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12554094 |doi=10.1016/S1050-1738(02)00189-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jackson DG |title=The lymphatics revisited: new perspectives from the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 |journal=Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12554094 |doi=10.1016/S1050-1738(02)00189-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Banerji S |title=LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=144 |issue= 4 |pages= 789–801 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10037799 |doi=10.1083/jcb.144.4.789 | pmc=2132933 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Ni J | author3=Wang SX | display-authors=3 | last4=Clasper | first4=S | last5=Su | first5=J | last6=Tammi | first6=R | last7=Jones | first7=M | last8=Jackson | first8=DG }}
*{{cite journal | author=Banerji S |title=LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan |journal=Journal of Cell Biology |volume=144 |issue= 4 |pages= 789–801 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10037799 |doi=10.1083/jcb.144.4.789 | pmc=2132933 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Ni J | author3=Wang SX | display-authors=3 | last4=Clasper | first4=S | last5=Su | first5=J | last6=Tammi | first6=R | last7=Jones | first7=M | last8=Jackson | first8=DG }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Cunnick GH, Jiang WG, Gomez KF, Mansel RE |title=Lymphangiogenesis quantification using quantitative PCR and breast cancer as a model |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=288 |issue= 4 |pages= 1043–1046 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11689016 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5869 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Cunnick GH, Jiang WG, Gomez KF, Mansel RE |title=Lymphangiogenesis quantification using quantitative PCR and breast cancer as a model |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=288 |issue= 4 |pages= 1043–1046 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11689016 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5869 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mouta Carreira C |title=LYVE-1 is not restricted to the lymph vessels: expression in normal liver blood sinusoids and down-regulation in human liver cancer and cirrhosis |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=61 |issue= 22 |pages= 8079–84 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11719431 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Nasser SM | author3=di Tomaso E | display-authors=3 | last4=Padera | first4=TP | last5=Boucher | first5=Y | last6=Tomarev | first6=SI | last7=Jain | first7=RK }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mouta Carreira C |title=LYVE-1 is not restricted to the lymph vessels: expression in normal liver blood sinusoids and down-regulation in human liver cancer and cirrhosis |journal=Cancer Research |volume=61 |issue= 22 |pages= 8079–84 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11719431 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Nasser SM | author3=di Tomaso E | display-authors=3 | last4=Padera | first4=TP | last5=Boucher | first5=Y | last6=Tomarev | first6=SI | last7=Jain | first7=RK }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cursiefen C |title=Lymphatic vessels in vascularized human corneas: immunohistochemical investigation using LYVE-1 and podoplanin |journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=43 |issue= 7 |pages= 2127–35 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12091407 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Schlötzer-Schrehardt U | author3=Küchle M | display-authors=3 | last4=Sorokin | first4=L | last5=Breiteneder-Geleff | first5=S | last6=Alitalo | first6=K | last7=Jackson | first7=D }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cursiefen C |title=Lymphatic vessels in vascularized human corneas: immunohistochemical investigation using LYVE-1 and podoplanin |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=43 |issue= 7 |pages= 2127–35 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12091407 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Schlötzer-Schrehardt U | author3=Küchle M | display-authors=3 | last4=Sorokin | first4=L | last5=Breiteneder-Geleff | first5=S | last6=Alitalo | first6=K | last7=Jackson | first7=D }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–16903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Feingold EA | author3=Grouse LH | display-authors=3 | last4=Derge | first4=JG | last5=Klausner | first5=RD | last6=Collins | first6=FS | last7=Wagner | first7=L | last8=Shenmen | first8=CM | last9=Schuler | first9=GD }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–16903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Feingold EA | author3=Grouse LH | display-authors=3 | last4=Derge | first4=JG | last5=Klausner | first5=RD | last6=Collins | first6=FS | last7=Wagner | first7=L | last8=Shenmen | first8=CM | last9=Schuler | first9=GD }}
*{{cite journal | author=Huang SS |title=Cloning, expression, characterization, and role in autocrine cell growth of cell surface retention sequence binding protein-1 |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 44 |pages= 43855–43869 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12912978 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M306411200 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Tang FM | author3=Huang YH | display-authors=3 | last4=Liu | first4=IH | last5=Hsu | first5=SC | last6=Chen | first6=ST | last7=Huang | first7=JS | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Huang SS |title=Cloning, expression, characterization, and role in autocrine cell growth of cell surface retention sequence binding protein-1 |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=278 |issue= 44 |pages= 43855–43869 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12912978 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M306411200 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Tang FM | author3=Huang YH | display-authors=3 | last4=Liu | first4=IH | last5=Hsu | first5=SC | last6=Chen | first6=ST | last7=Huang | first7=JS | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Clark HF |title=The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 2265–2270 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12975309 |doi= 10.1101/gr.1293003 | pmc=403697 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Gurney AL | author3=Abaya E | display-authors=3 | last4=Baker | first4=K | last5=Baldwin | first5=D | last6=Brush | first6=J | last7=Chen | first7=J | last8=Chow | first8=B | last9=Chui | first9=C }}
*{{cite journal | author=Clark HF |title=The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment |journal=Genome Research |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 2265–2270 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12975309 |doi= 10.1101/gr.1293003 | pmc=403697 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Gurney AL | author3=Abaya E | display-authors=3 | last4=Baker | first4=K | last5=Baldwin | first5=D | last6=Brush | first6=J | last7=Chen | first7=J | last8=Chow | first8=B | last9=Chu | first9=C }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–2127 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 | pmc=528928 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Wagner L | author3=Feingold EA | display-authors=3 | last4=Shenmen | first4=CM | last5=Grouse | first5=LH | last6=Schuler | first6=G | last7=Klein | first7=SL | last8=Old | first8=S | last9=Rasooly | first9=R }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Research |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–2127 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 | pmc=528928 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Wagner L | author3=Feingold EA | display-authors=3 | last4=Shenmen | first4=CM | last5=Grouse | first5=LH | last6=Schuler | first6=G | last7=Klein | first7=SL | last8=Old | first8=S | last9=Rasooly | first9=R }}
*{{cite journal | author=Otsuki T |title=Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries |journal=DNA Res. |volume=12 |issue= 2 |pages= 117–126 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16303743 |doi= 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Ota T | author3=Nishikawa T | display-authors=3 | last4=Hayashi | first4=K | last5=Suzuki | first5=Y | last6=Yamamoto | first6=J | last7=Wakamatsu | first7=A | last8=Kimura | first8=K | last9=Sakamoto | first9=K | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Otsuki T |title=Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries |journal=DNA Research |volume=12 |issue= 2 |pages= 117–126 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16303743 |doi= 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Ota T | author3=Nishikawa T | display-authors=3 | last4=Hayashi | first4=K | last5=Suzuki | first5=Y | last6=Yamamoto | first6=J | last7=Wakamatsu | first7=A | last8=Kimura | first8=K | last9=Sakamoto | first9=K | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liu T |title=Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry |journal=J. Proteome Res. |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= 2070–2080 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16335952 |doi= 10.1021/pr0502065 | pmc=1850943 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Qian WJ | author3=Gritsenko MA | display-authors=3 | last4=Camp | first4=David G. | last5=Monroe | first5=Matthew E. | last6=Moore | first6=Ronald J. | last7=Smith | first7=Richard D. }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liu T |title=Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= 2070–2080 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16335952 |doi= 10.1021/pr0502065 | pmc=1850943 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Qian WJ | author3=Gritsenko MA | display-authors=3 | last4=Camp | first4=David G. | last5=Monroe | first5=Matthew E. | last6=Moore | first6=Ronald J. | last7=Smith | first7=Richard D. }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kimura K |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes |journal=Genome Res. |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406 | pmc=1356129 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Wakamatsu A | author3=Suzuki Y | display-authors=3 | last4=Ota | first4=T | last5=Nishikawa | first5=T | last6=Yamashita | first6=R | last7=Yamamoto | first7=J | last8=Sekine | first8=M | last9=Tsuritani | first9=K }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kimura K |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes |journal=Genome Research |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406 | pmc=1356129 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Wakamatsu A | author3=Suzuki Y | display-authors=3 | last4=Ota | first4=T | last5=Nishikawa | first5=T | last6=Yamashita | first6=R | last7=Yamamoto | first7=J | last8=Sekine | first8=M | last9=Tsuritani | first9=K }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nguyen VA |title=Infantile hemangioma is a proliferation of LYVE-1-negative blood endothelial cells without lymphatic competence |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue= 2 |pages= 291–298 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16424896 |doi= 10.1038/modpathol.3800537 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Kutzner H | author3=Fürhapter C | display-authors=3 | last4=Tzankov | first4=Alexandar | last5=Sepp | first5=Norbert |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nguyen VA |title=Infantile hemangioma is a proliferation of LYVE-1-negative blood endothelial cells without lymphatic competence |journal=Modern Pathology |volume=19 |issue= 2 |pages= 291–298 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16424896 |doi= 10.1038/modpathol.3800537 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Kutzner H | author3=Fürhapter C | display-authors=3 | last4=Tzankov | first4=Alexandar | last5=Sepp | first5=Norbert |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gu B |title=Expression of lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in the human placenta |journal=Lymphatic Research and Biology |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 11–17 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16569201 |doi= 10.1089/lrb.2006.4.11 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Alexander JS | author3=Gu Y | display-authors=3 | last4=Zhang | first4=Yanping | last5=Lewis | first5=David F. | last6=Wang | first6=Yuping | pmc=3072054 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gu B |title=Expression of lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in the human placenta |journal=Lymphatic Research and Biology |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 11–17 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16569201 |doi= 10.1089/lrb.2006.4.11 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Alexander JS | author3=Gu Y | display-authors=3 | last4=Zhang | first4=Yanping | last5=Lewis | first5=David F. | last6=Wang | first6=Yuping | pmc=3072054 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Llovet JM |title=A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=131 |issue= 6 |pages= 1758–1767 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17087938 |doi= 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.014 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Chen Y | author3=Wurmbach E | display-authors=3 | last4=Roayaie | first4=Sasan | last5=Fiel | first5=M. Isabel | last6=Schwartz | first6=Myron | last7=Thung | first7=Swan N. | last8=Khitrov | first8=Gregory | last9=Zhang | first9=Weijia }}
*{{cite journal | author=Llovet JM |title=A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=131 |issue= 6 |pages= 1758–1767 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17087938 |doi= 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.014 |name-list-style=vanc | author2=Chen Y | author3=Wurmbach E | display-authors=3 | last4=Roayaie | first4=Sasan | last5=Fiel | first5=M. Isabel | last6=Schwartz | first6=Myron | last7=Thung | first7=Swan N. | last8=Khitrov | first8=Gregory | last9=Zhang | first9=Weijia }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}



Revision as of 18:48, 4 April 2021

The lymphatic endothelium is a specialised form of epithelium, distinct from but similar to vascular endothelium. A lymph capillary endothelial cell is distinct from other endothelial cells in that collagen fibers are directly attached to its plasma membrane.

Although lymphatics were first described by Hippocrates in 400BC and rediscovered as "milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog" in the 17th century by Gasparo Aselli, they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 Howard Florey showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that VEGF-R3 and VEGF-C/VEGF-D were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being LYVE-1 (Jackson et al., 1999)[1] and podoplanin (Kerjaschki, 1999).[2]

See also

Endothelium

References

  1. ^ Banerji, Suneale; Ni, Jian; Wang, Shu-Xia; Clasper, Steven; Su, Jeffrey; Tammi, Raija; Jones, Margaret; Jackson, David G. (1999). "LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan 1". The Journal of Cell Biology. 144 (4): 789–801. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.4.789. PMC 2132933. PMID 10037799.
  2. ^ Breiteneder-Geleff, Silvana; Soleiman, Afschin; Kowalski, Heinrich; Horvat, Reinhard; Amann, Gabriele; Kriehuber, Ernst; Diem, Katja; Weninger, Wolfgang; Tschachler, Erwin; Alitalo, Kari; Kerjaschki, Dontscho. "Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic andothelium". American Journal of Pathology. 154 (2): 385–394. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65285-6. PMC 1849992. PMID 10027397. Retrieved April 4, 2021.

Further reading