Styphnolobium japonicum: Difference between revisions
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'''''Styphnolobium japonicum''''' (L.) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]], the '''Japanese pagoda tree'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=STJA9|taxon=Styphnolobium japonicum|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref> (Chinese scholar tree, pagoda tree; syn. '''''Sophora japonica''''') is a species of [[tree]] in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. |
'''''Styphnolobium japonicum''''' (L.) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]], the '''Japanese pagoda tree'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=STJA9|taxon=Styphnolobium japonicum|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref> (Chinese scholar tree, pagoda tree; syn. '''''Sophora japonica''''') is a species of [[tree]] in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. |
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It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus ''[[Sophora]]''. The species of ''Styphnolobium'' differ from ''Sophora'' in lacking the ability to form [[symbiosis|symbioses]] with [[rhizobia]] ([[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] [[bacteria]]) on their [[root]]s. It also differs from the related genus ''[[mescalbean|Calia]]'' (mescalbeans) in having [[deciduous]] [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s in axillary, not terminal, [[raceme]]s. The leaves are alternate, [[pinnate]], with 9–21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the [[ |
It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus ''[[Sophora]]''. The species of ''Styphnolobium'' differ from ''Sophora'' in lacking the ability to form [[symbiosis|symbioses]] with [[rhizobia]] ([[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] [[bacteria]]) on their [[root]]s. It also differs from the related genus ''[[mescalbean|Calia]]'' (mescalbeans) in having [[deciduous]] [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s in axillary, not terminal, [[raceme]]s. The leaves are alternate, [[pinnate]], with 9–21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the [[black locust]]. |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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''Styphnolobium japonicum'' is native to [[China]]; despite the name, it was introduced in [[Japan]]. It is a popular ornamental tree in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]], grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows |
''Styphnolobium japonicum'' is native to [[China]]; despite the name, it was introduced in [[Japan]]. It is a popular ornamental tree in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]], grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows to 10–20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber. |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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===Construction uses=== |
===Construction uses=== |
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The wood is used to make the strong, springy curved "enju wood" handle used on the traditional Japanese woodworking adze, called the [[chouna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenwood-carving.blogspot.com/2010/08/japanese-axes-and-adzes.html |title=Japanese axes and adzes|accessdate=2012-02-24 |publisher=Robin Wood }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenwood-carving.blogspot.com/2010/10/beautiful-axes-japanese-carpentry-tools.html |title=Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools }}</ref> Pagoda wood is very hard after drying. This makes pagoda products durable and long lasting. The pagoda tree trunk is generally composed of alternating ridges of light-brown outside layers and gray brown inside layers. This makes wood carving products, for example from the Hokkaido native Ainu people, very decorative. The Ainu are famous for their "Blackstone fish owl" carvings. |
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== Chemistry == |
== Chemistry == |
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The dried flower buds may contain as much as 20% [[rutin]] with some [[quercetin]].<ref name="Chinese Drugs">{{cite book|last1=Tang|first1=Weici|last2=Eisenbrand|first2=Gerhard|title=Sophora Japonica L.|date=1992|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-73741-1|pages=945–955|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114}}</ref> ''S. japonicum'' dried fruit |
The dried flower buds may contain as much as 20% [[rutin]] with some [[quercetin]].<ref name="Chinese Drugs">{{cite book|last1=Tang|first1=Weici|last2=Eisenbrand|first2=Gerhard|title=Sophora Japonica L.|date=1992|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-73741-1|pages=945–955|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114}}</ref> ''S. japonicum'' dried fruit contains the [[flavonoid]] [[glycoside]]s [[sophoricoside]], [[genistin]] and [[rutin]] and the [[flavonoid]] [[aglycone]]s [[genistein]], quercetin and [[kaempferol]].<ref name="Simultaneous">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=L.|last2=Zhang|first2=X.X.|last3=Ren|first3=Y.P.|last4=Cao|first4=L.|last5=Zhi|first5=X.R.|last6=Zhang|first6=L.T.|title=Simultaneous Quantification of Six Major Flavonoids From Fructus sophorae by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Statistical Analysis|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|date=2013|volume=75|issue=3|pages=330–338|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.117437|pmc=3783751|pmid=24082349}}</ref> Another analysis found genistein and genistein glycosides including [[sophorabioside]], [[sophoricoside]], [[genistein-7-diglucoside]], [[genistein-7-diglucorhamnoside]], and kaempferol and the kaempferol [[glycosides]] [[kaempferol-3-sophoroside]] and [[kaempferol-3-rhamnodiglucoside]].<ref name="Chinese Drugs" /> The fruit also contain the alkaloids [[cytisine]], [[N-methylcytisine]], [[sophocarpine]], [[matrine]] and [[stizolamine]].<ref name="Bensky">{{cite book|last1=Bensky|first1=Dan|last2=Clavey|first2=Steven|last3=Stöger|first3=Erich|last4=Lai Bensky|first4=Lilian|title=Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica|date=2015|publisher=Eastland Press|location=Seattle, USA|isbn=978-0-939616-82-4|pages=575–578|edition=Portable 3rd}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 00:36, 27 December 2020
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Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, the Japanese pagoda tree[3] (Chinese scholar tree, pagoda tree; syn. Sophora japonica) is a species of tree in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae.
It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus Sophora. The species of Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbioses with rhizobia (nitrogen fixing bacteria) on their roots. It also differs from the related genus Calia (mescalbeans) in having deciduous leaves and flowers in axillary, not terminal, racemes. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with 9–21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the black locust.
Distribution
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Styphnolobium japonicum is native to China; despite the name, it was introduced in Japan. It is a popular ornamental tree in Europe, North America and South Africa, grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows to 10–20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber.
Uses
Gardening
The Guilty Chinese Scholartree was a historic pagoda tree in Beijing, from which the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, Chongzhen, hanged himself.
Traditional medicine
S. japonicum (Chinese: 槐; pinyin: huái; formerly Sophora japonica) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Tea
The flowers and leaves are sometimes used for teas, such as by families in Laoshan Village, Shandong Province, China. It counts as a variety of herbal tea.
Construction uses
The wood is used to make the strong, springy curved "enju wood" handle used on the traditional Japanese woodworking adze, called the chouna.[4][5] Pagoda wood is very hard after drying. This makes pagoda products durable and long lasting. The pagoda tree trunk is generally composed of alternating ridges of light-brown outside layers and gray brown inside layers. This makes wood carving products, for example from the Hokkaido native Ainu people, very decorative. The Ainu are famous for their "Blackstone fish owl" carvings.
Chemistry
The dried flower buds may contain as much as 20% rutin with some quercetin.[6] S. japonicum dried fruit contains the flavonoid glycosides sophoricoside, genistin and rutin and the flavonoid aglycones genistein, quercetin and kaempferol.[7] Another analysis found genistein and genistein glycosides including sophorabioside, sophoricoside, genistein-7-diglucoside, genistein-7-diglucorhamnoside, and kaempferol and the kaempferol glycosides kaempferol-3-sophoroside and kaempferol-3-rhamnodiglucoside.[6] The fruit also contain the alkaloids cytisine, N-methylcytisine, sophocarpine, matrine and stizolamine.[8]
References
Footnotes
- ^ "Styphnolobium japonicum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ a b c d "Styphnolobium japonicum – ILDIS LegumeWeb". Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ NRCS. "Styphnolobium japonicum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ "Japanese axes and adzes". Robin Wood. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ "Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools".
- ^ a b Tang, Weici; Eisenbrand, Gerhard (1992). Sophora Japonica L. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 945–955. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114. ISBN 978-3-642-73741-1.
- ^ Chang, L.; Zhang, X.X.; Ren, Y.P.; Cao, L.; Zhi, X.R.; Zhang, L.T. (2013). "Simultaneous Quantification of Six Major Flavonoids From Fructus sophorae by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Statistical Analysis". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 75 (3): 330–338. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.117437. PMC 3783751. PMID 24082349.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stöger, Erich; Lai Bensky, Lilian (2015). Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica (Portable 3rd ed.). Seattle, USA: Eastland Press. pp. 575–578. ISBN 978-0-939616-82-4.
General references
- The relationship of Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae) to Sophora tomentosa, the type species of the genus Sophora, observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146: 439–446 (2004). Available online.
External links
- Sophora japonica
- "Chinese Scholar Tree"
- The Evil God in the Pagoda Tree Japanese folktale with the pagoda tree at hyakumonogatari.com
- Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools in Europe