2002 Costa Rican general election: Difference between revisions

2002 Costa Rican general election
	Presidential election
President before election; Miguel Ángel Rodríguez; PUSC	Elected President ; Abel Pacheco; PUSC
	Legislative election

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Revision as of 16:37, 3 April 2021

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 3 February 2002.^[1] For the first time in the country's history, no candidate in the presidential election passed the 40% threshold.^[2] This meant a second round of voting had to be held on 7 April which saw Abel Pacheco of the Social Christian Unity Party defeat the National Liberation Party's Rolando Araya Monge.^[3]

Many analysts consider this election the beginning of the end of Costa Rica's decades-long two party system.^[4]^[5]^[6] For the first time in many years alternative political forces become really relevant in the Parliament and the plenary had three large party groups; PUSC (19), PLN (17) and PAC (14).^[7]

While PUSC won the presidential election and the majority in Congress, PLN became the primal opposition force in Parliament. Centre-left PAC with a progressive proposal seem to had gravely affected traditional third forces at the left of the spectrum like Democratic Force that fail to win any seat on that election even when for some years was Costa Rica's main third party.^[7] Right-wing Libertarian Movement also increases its representation from one to six deputies^[7] while conservative^[8] Costa Rican Renewal Party won one seat as usual.^[7]

It was the first time in Costa Rica an evangelical Christian party, the Christian National Alliance, nominated a catholic, biologist and professor Marvin Calvo Montoya, as its presidential candidate. It was also the last presidential election of the Christian National Alliance.

Despite the close contest, voter turnout was only 68.8% on 3 February the lowest since the 1958 elections. For the second round of the presidential elections it fell to 60.2%, the lowest since 1949.^[9]

Background

Before the election, the country's Supreme Electoral Tribinal attempted to make several reforms to the electoral system. These included allowing independents to run in local elections, using electronic voting machines, allowing Costa Ricans living abroad to vote, and allowing voters to choose the top two places on parliamentary lists.^[2] However, the changes were rejected by the Legislative Assembly, which noted that independent candidature was incompatible with the constitution, and that electronic voting could not be guaranteed to be secure or transparent.^[2]

Results

President

Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
Candidate		Party	Votes	%	Votes	%
bgcolor="Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color"\|	Abel Pacheco	Social Christian Unity Party	590,277	38.58	776,278	57.95
bgcolor="Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Rolando Araya Monge	National Liberation Party	475,030	31.05	563,202	42.05
bgcolor="Template:Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Ottón Solís	Citizens' Action Party	400,681	26.19
bgcolor="Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Otto Guevara	Libertarian Movement	25,815	1.69
bgcolor="Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color"\|	Justo Orozco Álvarez	Costa Rican Renewal Party	16,404	1.07
bgcolor="Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Walter Muñoz Céspedes	National Integration Party	6,235	0.41
bgcolor="Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Vladimir De la Cruz De Lemos	Democratic Force	4,121	0.27
	Walter Coto Molina	Coalition Change 2000	3,970	0.26
bgcolor=Template:General Union Party/meta/color\|	Rolando Angulo Zeledón	General Union Party^es	2,655	0.17
	Daniel Reynolds Vargas	National Patriotic Party^es	1,680	0.11
	Marvin Calvo Montoya	Christian National Alliance^es	1,271	0.08
	José Hine García	National Rescue Party	905	0.06
	Pablo Galo Angulo Casasola	Independent Workers' Party^es	801	0.05
Invalid/blank votes			39,573	–	33,463	–
Total			1,569,418	100	1,372,943	100
Registered voters/turnout			2,279,851	68.84	2,279,851	60.22
Source: TSE, TSE

Popular Vote-First round

Social Christian Unity			38.6%
National Liberation			31.1%
Citizens' Action			26.2%
Libertarian Movement			1.7%
Costa Rican Renewal			1.1%
National Integration			0.4%
Other			0.9%

Popular Vote-Second round

Social Christian Unity			58%
National Liberation			42%

By province

First round

Province %	PUSC %	PLN %	PAC %	ML %	PRC %	PIN %	FD %	Other %
Province %	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|
San José	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 36.6	28.5	31.1	1.6	0.8	0.6	0.2	0.7
Alajuela	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 37.8	34.1	24.7	1.4	0.9	0.3	0.2	0.6
Cartago	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 35.4	31.8	28.4	1.9	0.7	0.5	0.4	1.0
Heredia	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 36.1	26.8	33.2	1.6	1.1	0.4	0.2	0.7
Puntarenas	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 45.0	33.8	15.8	2.5	1.7	0.2	0.3	0.9
Limón	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 48.6	28.4	14.9	2.8	3.1	0.3	0.4	1.5
Guanacaste	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 44.3	40.6	12.1	0.9	1.2	0.2	0.2	0.8
Total	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 38.6	31.1	26.2	1.7	1.1	0.4	0.3	0.9

Second round

Province	PUSC %	PLN %
	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color"\|	style="background:Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|
	San José	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 57.7	42.3
Alajuela	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 56.1	43.9
Cartago	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 55.6	44.4
Heredia	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 58.1	41.9
Puntarenas	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 59.7	40.3
Limón	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 67.0	33.0
Guanacaste	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 57.1	42.9
Total	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 58.0	42.0

Parliament

Popular vote

Social Christian Unity			29.8%
National Liberation			27.1%
Citizens' Action			22.0%
Libertarian Movement			9.3%
Costa Rican Renewal			3.6%
Democratic Force			2.0%
National Integration			1.7%
Other			4.8%

Seats

Social Christian Unity			33.33%
National Liberation			29.82%
Citizens' Action			24.56%
Libertarian Movement			10.52%
Costa Rican Renewal			1.75%

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–

bgcolor=Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color\|	Social Christian Unity Party	453,201	29.8	19	–8
bgcolor=Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color\|	National Liberation Party	412,383	27.1	17	–6
bgcolor=Template:Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color\|	Citizens' Action Party	334,162	22.0	14	New
bgcolor=Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color\|	Libertarian Movement	142,152	9.3	6	+5
bgcolor=Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color\|	Costa Rican Renewal Party	54,699	3.6	1	0
bgcolor=Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color\|	Democratic Force	30,172	2.0	0	–3
	National Integration Party	26,084	1.7	0	–1
	Coalition Change 2000	12,992	0.8	0	New
	Agrarian Labour Action Party	10,890	0.7	0	–1
	Workers' Independent Party	8,044	0.5	0	New
	National Patriotic Party	7,123	0.5	0	New
bgcolor=Template:Cartago Agrarian Union Party/meta/color\|	Cartago Agrarian Union Party	6,974	0.5	0	0
	Christian National Alliance Party	6,825	0.4	0	New
bgcolor=Template:General Union Party/meta/color\|	General Union Party	5,883	0.4	0	0
	National Rescue Party	4,937	0.3	0	0
bgcolor=Template:National Agrarian Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color\|	National Agrarian Party	2,595	0.2	0	New
	Cartago Agrarian Force Party	1,390	0.1	0	New
	National Convergence	1,348	0.1	0	New
Invalid/blank votes		47,484	–	–	–
Total		1,569,338	100	57	0
Registered voters/turnout		2,279,851	68.8	–	–
Source: Election Resources

By province

Province	PUSC		PLN		PAC		ML		PRC		FD		PIN		Other
	colspan="2" style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	colspan="2" style="background:Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|
	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S
San José	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 27.1	6	24.2	5	27.0	6	11.8	2	3.6	1	1.7	0	1.8	0	2.8	0
Alajuela	30.2	4	style="background:Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color; color:white;"\| 30.5	4	20.7	2	7.5	1	2.8	0	1.3	0	1.4	0	5.4	0
Cartago	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 25.7	2	25.4	2	20.8	2	7.3	1	2.0	0	3.7	0	4.5	0	10.4	0
Heredia	27.5	1	24.3	1	27.6	2	10.7	1	3.5	0	2.3	0	1.0	0	3.0	0
Puntarenas	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 37.8	2	29.8	1	12.9	1	10.0	1	4.2	0	1.8	0	0.4	0	3.2	0
Limón	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 37.3	2	26.2	2	12.7	1	8.1	1	5.6	0	2.7	0	0.8	0	9.4	0
Guanacaste	37.9	2	style="background:Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color; color:white;"\| 39.1	2	10.3	0	2.8	0	6.2	0	1.2	0	0.4	0	2.2	0
Total	style="background:Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color; color:white;"\| 29.8	19	27.1	17	22.0	14	9.3	6	3.6	1	2.0	0	1.7	0	4.6	0

Municipal Councils

The elections of municipal councilors of Costa Rica in 2002 were an electoral process held in parallel with the presidential and legislative elections. In them the 495 tenure aldermen and the 495 alternates that conform the 81 Municipal Councils were chosen.

The Central Canton of San José, the most populous, named 13 aldermen. Desamparados and Alajuela named 11. Others less populated (Puntarenas, Limón, Pococí, Heredia, Cartago, La Unión, San Carlos, Goicoechea, Pérez Zeledón, etc.) named 9. Others even smaller (Tibás, Grecia, Vázquez de Coronado, Montes de Oca, Siquirres, Escazú, Turrialba, etc.) appointed 7 council members. Finally, the smallest (Turrubares, San Mateo, Santa Ana, Mora, Montes de Oro, Talamanca, etc.) named 5.

Alderpeople

Social Christian Unity			35.79%
National Liberation			35.39%
Citizens' Action			20.08%
Regionalist			3.18%
Libertarian Movement			2.58%
Democratic Force			0.80%
National Integration			0.20%
C2000			0.20%
National Rescue			0.20%
Independent Workers'			0.20%

Parties		Popular vote			Alderpeople
Parties		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/-
bgcolor="Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color"\|	Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC)	469,305	30.92	-9.94	180	-91
bgcolor="Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	National Liberation Party (PLN)	443,320	29.21	-6.17	178	-48
bgcolor="Template:Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Citizens' Action Party (PAC)	310,201	20.44	New	101	New
bgcolor="Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Libertarian Movement (ML)	84,167	5.55	+3.12	13	+9
bgcolor="Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color"\|	Costa Rican Renewal Party (PRC)	54,547	3.59	+1.73	7	+7
bgcolor="Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	Democratic Force (FD)	40,114	2.64	-3.53	4	-20
bgcolor="Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	National Integration Party (PIN)	25,038	1.65	-0.08	1	-2
	Coalition Change 2000 (C2000)	17,612	1.16	New	1	New
	Agrarian Labour Action Party (PALA)	9,225	0.61	-0.49	2	-5
	Escazu's Progressive Yoke (YPE)	7,765	0.51	-0.19	3	-1
	National Rescue Party (PRESNA)	7,510	0.49	-0.33	1	New
	Independent Workers' Party (PIO)	7,460	0.49	New	1	New
bgcolor="Template:National Agrarian Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color"\|	National Agrarian Party (PAN)	5,032	0.33	-0.24	1	-4
	Party of the Sun (PdS)	4,880	0.32	+0.06	2	0
	Cartago Agrarian Force (FAC)	4,024	0.27	+0.09	0	New
	21st Century Curridabat (CSXXI)	3,726	0.25	-0.12	1	-1
	Authentic Paraisian Party (PAPAR)	3,264	0.22	New	1	New
	National Convergence Party (PCN)	2,927	0.19	-0.10	0	-1
bgcolor="Template:General Union Party/meta/color"\|	General Union Party (PUG)	2,495	0.16	-0.83	0	-3
	Quepeña Action Party (PAQ)	1,956	0.13	New	2	New
	Authentic Sarapiquenean Party (PASAR)	1,779	0.12	New	1	New
	New Alajuelita Party (PALNU)	1,773	0.12	+0.02	1	0
	Humanist Party of Montes de Oca (PH-MdO)	1,212	0.08	-0.06	0	-1
	Alliance for San José Party (PASJ)	1,127	0.07	New	0	New
	Cantonal Action Independent Siquirres Party (PACSI)	1,079	0.07	New	0	New
	Ecological Garabito Party (PEG)	983	0.06	New	2	New
	Humanist Party of San José (PH-SJO)	919	0.06	New	0	New
	Golfitenean Action Party (PAGOL)	772	0.05	-0.00	0	0
	Independent Guanacaste Party (PGI)	759	0.05	-0.14	0	-2
	Independent Belemite Party (PIB)	618	0.04	-0.06	0	-1
	Limonense Conscience Party (PCL)	617	0.04	New	0	New
	Humanist Party of Heredia (PH-Her)	517	0.03	-0.05	0	0
	National Patriotic Party (PPN)	485	0.03	New	0	New
	New Corredores Party (PUG)	457	0.03	New	0	New
	Humanist Party of Barva (PH-Barva)	183	0.01	New	0	New

Total		1,517,848	100.00	-	503	-75

Invalid votes		51,628	3.29
Votes cast / turnout		1,569,476	68.84
Abstentions		710,375	31.16
Registered voters		2,279,851	100%

Sources^[10]

References

^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
^ ^a ^b ^c Nohlen, p. 150.
^ "Election profile: Costa Rica". International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ Landsford, Tom (20 March 2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. ISBN 9781483386263. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Landsford, Tom (2 April 2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. ISBN 9781608719952. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Greenspana, Eliot; Gill, Nicholas; O'Malley, Charlie; Gilsenan, Patrick; Perill, Jisel. Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002. Frommer's Central America.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "5 February 2002 Legislative Assembly Election Results - Costa Rica Totals". Election Resources. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Lopez, Jaime (July 18, 2013). "Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica". Costa Rica Star. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Nohlen, pp. 156–157.
^ "Elecciones Regidurías 2002". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

[N1-1] Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6

[DN-2] Nohlen, p. 150.

[results-3] "Election profile: Costa Rica". International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2011.

[Landsford-4] Landsford, Tom (20 March 2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. ISBN 9781483386263. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[Landsford_2-5] Landsford, Tom (2 April 2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. ISBN 9781608719952. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[6] Greenspana, Eliot; Gill, Nicholas; O'Malley, Charlie; Gilsenan, Patrick; Perill, Jisel. Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002. Frommer's Central America.

[ER-7] "5 February 2002 Legislative Assembly Election Results - Costa Rica Totals". Election Resources. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[8] Lopez, Jaime (July 18, 2013). "Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica". Costa Rica Star. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[9] Nohlen, pp. 156–157.

[10] "Elecciones Regidurías 2002". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

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v t e Elections and referendums in Costa Rica
Presidential elections	1825 1829 1833 1835 1837 1844 1847 1849 1853 1859 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1876 1882 1886 1889 1894 1897 1902 1906 1910 1913 1917 1919 1923 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1953 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026
Parliamentary elections	1849 1853 1859 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1876 1882 1886 1889 1894 1897 1902 1906 1910 1913 1915 1917 1919 (Mar) 1919 (Dec) 1921 1923 1925 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 (Feb) 1948 (Dec) 1949 1953 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026
Local elections	2002 2006 2010 2016 2020 2024
Referendums	1870 2007
See also: Elections in the Federal Republic of Central America