Phoa Keng Hek: Difference between revisions
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Phoa's earliest formal education was in a school run by ethnic Chinese,{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=4}} but after [[Sierk Coolsma]] opened a missionary school in Bogor on 31 May 1869, Phoa was in the first class of ten. Among his classmates was [[Lie Kim Hok]], who would later become known as a writer. At this school Phoa studied, among other subjects, [[Dutch language|Dutch]].{{sfn|Tio|1958|pp=32–34, 36}} Although the school was meant to convert people to [[Christianity]], Phoa remained well-versed in [[Confucianism]].{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=3}} |
Phoa's earliest formal education was in a school run by ethnic Chinese,{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=4}} but after [[Sierk Coolsma]] opened a missionary school in Bogor on 31 May 1869, Phoa was in the first class of ten. Among his classmates was [[Lie Kim Hok]], who would later become known as a writer. At this school Phoa studied, among other subjects, [[Dutch language|Dutch]].{{sfn|Tio|1958|pp=32–34, 36}} Although the school was meant to convert people to [[Christianity]], Phoa remained well-versed in [[Confucianism]].{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=3}} |
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[[File:Phoa Keng Hek Sia.jpg|thumb|left|Phoa Keng Hek Sia at his country house]] |
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After graduating Phoa married the daughter of a Chinese lieutenant in Batavia (now [[Jakarta]]), the capital of the Indies, and he moved there to be with his wife.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} The couple had a daughter, Tji Nio, who later married [[Khouw Kim An|Majoor Khouw Kim An]], last titular head of the Chinese community of Batavia.{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=127}} Phoa proved very outspoken and soon he was a viewed as a leader of Batavia's Chinese. Because he had a command of Dutch, used by the colonial forces, Phoa was able to easily interact outside of Chinese and [[native Indonesians|native]] groups.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} |
After graduating Phoa married the daughter of a Chinese lieutenant in Batavia (now [[Jakarta]]), the capital of the Indies, and he moved there to be with his wife.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} The couple had a daughter, Tji Nio, who later married [[Khouw Kim An|Majoor Khouw Kim An]], last titular head of the Chinese community of Batavia.{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=127}} Phoa proved very outspoken and soon he was a viewed as a leader of Batavia's Chinese. Because he had a command of Dutch, used by the colonial forces, Phoa was able to easily interact outside of Chinese and [[native Indonesians|native]] groups.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} |
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In 1900 Phoa, together with his former classmate Lie, was an establishing member of the [[Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan]] (THHK) school system and social organisation.{{sfn|Adam|1995|p=72}} He served as the president of THHK for twenty-three years before retiring,{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} and was assisted by his son-in-law's cousin, the [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[Oen Giok Khouw]], as vice-president.{{sfn|Nio|1940|pp=242–250}} The organisation promoted rights for ethnic Chinese{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} and the use of Chinese and English amongst ethnic Chinese.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=3}} In 1907, Phoa – under the [[pseudonym]] "Hoa Djien" ("A Chinese") – used a series of letters to the editor of the daily [[Perniagaan (newspaper)|Perniagaan]] to criticise the Dutch colonial government and its policies towards the ethnic Chinese. He wrote that the Indies offered little opportunity to ethnic Chinese, who should instead look abroad. He wrote "if they are literate in Chinese and English, they can just take a two- or three-day voyage (Java-Singapore) into a wider world where they can move freely."{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=8}} |
In 1900 Phoa, together with his former classmate Lie, was an establishing member of the [[Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan]] (THHK) school system and social organisation.{{sfn|Adam|1995|p=72}} He served as the president of THHK for twenty-three years before retiring,{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}} and was assisted by his son-in-law's cousin, the [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[Oen Giok Khouw]], as vice-president.{{sfn|Nio|1940|pp=242–250}} The organisation promoted rights for ethnic Chinese{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} and the use of Chinese and English amongst ethnic Chinese.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=3}} In 1907, Phoa – under the [[pseudonym]] "Hoa Djien" ("A Chinese") – used a series of letters to the editor of the daily [[Perniagaan (newspaper)|Perniagaan]] to criticise the Dutch colonial government and its policies towards the ethnic Chinese. He wrote that the Indies offered little opportunity to ethnic Chinese, who should instead look abroad. He wrote "if they are literate in Chinese and English, they can just take a two- or three-day voyage (Java-Singapore) into a wider world where they can move freely."{{sfn|Suryadinata|1997|p=8}} |
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Outside of the THHK, Phoa was an active landlord. He bought |
Outside of the THHK, like many members of his family, Phoa was an active ''[[Landheer]]'' or landlord. He bought the ''[[particuliere landerijen|particuliere land]]'' or private domain of Teloek Poetjoeng, south-east of Batavia, now part of [[Bekasi]].<ref name="Regerings-almanak 1922">{{cite book |last1=Landsdrukkerij |title=Regeerings-almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie 1922 |date=1922 |publisher=Landsdrukkerij |location=Weltevreden |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=NTdBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1029&dq=particuliere+%22phoa+keng+hek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIrPma_-DtAhUelEsFHfb-DUIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=particuliere%20%22phoa%20keng%20hek%22&f=false |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> With a paternalist concern for the moral well-being of the inhabitants of his domains in mind, Phoa succeeded 1903 in banning gambling in the area.{{sfn|Suryadinata|1995|pp=130–1}}{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} Like other Landheeren, Phoa grew and sold agricultural products. He owned a rice mill and tea factory on his domains.{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} |
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Phoa was invested as a Knight of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] in 1937.{{ |
Phoa was invested as a Knight of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] in 1937.{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} He died in Batavia later that year, on 19 July,{{sfn|Setyautama|Mihardja|2008|p=308}} and was buried after a large funeral at Petamburan Cemetery on 25 July.{{sfn|''De Indische Courant''|1937}} As he had no male issue, one of his daughter's sons, Phoa Liong Djin, assumed his surname and succeeded him as head of the family.{{sfn|''Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië''|1937}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 06:58, 22 December 2020
Phoa Keng Hek Sia | |
|---|---|
 Phoa, c. 1900 | |
| Born | 1857 |
| Died | 1937 (aged 79–80) Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
| Occupation(s) | Social worker, entrepreneur |
| Children | Phoa Tji Nio (daughter) |
| Father | Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, Kapitein der Chinezen |
| Relatives | Majoor Khouw Kim An (son-in-law) Phoa Liong Djin (grandson) Phoa Liong Gie (great-nephew) Thung Sin Nio (cousin) |
Phoa Keng Hek Sia (Chinese: 潘景赫舍; pinyin: Pān Jǐnghè Shè; 1857–1937) was a Chinese Indonesian social activist and first president of Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan, an influential Confucian educational and social organisation meant to better the position of ethnic Chinese in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He served from its establishment in 1900 until 1923.
Biography
Phoa was born in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), in 1857[1] into an influential Peranakan Chinese family, part of the Cabang Atas or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia.[2] His father, Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, held the post of Kapitein der Chinezen of Buitenzorg.[3] This was a civil government position in the Dutch colonial administration with legal and political jurisdiction over the local Chinese community.[4] As the son of a Chinese officer, the younger Phoa held the hereditary title of Sia.[5][6] His great-nephew, Phoa Liong Gie (born 1904), would later attain prominence as a jurist, politician and newspaper owner.[7][8]
Phoa's earliest formal education was in a school run by ethnic Chinese,[9] but after Sierk Coolsma opened a missionary school in Bogor on 31 May 1869, Phoa was in the first class of ten. Among his classmates was Lie Kim Hok, who would later become known as a writer. At this school Phoa studied, among other subjects, Dutch.[10] Although the school was meant to convert people to Christianity, Phoa remained well-versed in Confucianism.[11]
After graduating Phoa married the daughter of a Chinese lieutenant in Batavia (now Jakarta), the capital of the Indies, and he moved there to be with his wife.[1] The couple had a daughter, Tji Nio, who later married Majoor Khouw Kim An, last titular head of the Chinese community of Batavia.[12] Phoa proved very outspoken and soon he was a viewed as a leader of Batavia's Chinese. Because he had a command of Dutch, used by the colonial forces, Phoa was able to easily interact outside of Chinese and native groups.[1]
In 1900 Phoa, together with his former classmate Lie, was an establishing member of the Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan (THHK) school system and social organisation.[13] He served as the president of THHK for twenty-three years before retiring,[1] and was assisted by his son-in-law's cousin, the philanthropist Oen Giok Khouw, as vice-president.[6] The organisation promoted rights for ethnic Chinese[2] and the use of Chinese and English amongst ethnic Chinese.[11] In 1907, Phoa – under the pseudonym "Hoa Djien" ("A Chinese") – used a series of letters to the editor of the daily Perniagaan to criticise the Dutch colonial government and its policies towards the ethnic Chinese. He wrote that the Indies offered little opportunity to ethnic Chinese, who should instead look abroad. He wrote "if they are literate in Chinese and English, they can just take a two- or three-day voyage (Java-Singapore) into a wider world where they can move freely."[14]
Outside of the THHK, like many members of his family, Phoa was an active Landheer or landlord. He bought the particuliere land or private domain of Teloek Poetjoeng, south-east of Batavia, now part of Bekasi.[15] With a paternalist concern for the moral well-being of the inhabitants of his domains in mind, Phoa succeeded 1903 in banning gambling in the area.[1][2] Like other Landheeren, Phoa grew and sold agricultural products. He owned a rice mill and tea factory on his domains.[2]
Phoa was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 1937.[2] He died in Batavia later that year, on 19 July,[2] and was buried after a large funeral at Petamburan Cemetery on 25 July.[16] As he had no male issue, one of his daughter's sons, Phoa Liong Djin, assumed his surname and succeeded him as head of the family.[17]
References
- ^ a b c d e Suryadinata 1995, pp. 130–1.
- ^ a b c d e f Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 308.
- ^ Tio 1958, p. 63.
- ^ Lohanda 1996, pp. 54–60.
- ^ Sidharta 2003, p. 51.
- ^ a b Nio 1940, pp. 242–250.
- ^ Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 309.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 53-54.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 4.
- ^ Tio 1958, pp. 32–34, 36.
- ^ a b Suryadinata 1997, p. 3.
- ^ Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 127.
- ^ Adam 1995, p. 72.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 8.
- ^ Landsdrukkerij (1922). Regeerings-almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie 1922 (in Dutch). Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ De Indische Courant 1937.
- ^ Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1937.
Works cited
- Adam, Ahmat (1995). The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness (1855–1913). Studies on Southeast Asia. Vol. 17. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-87727-716-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "Familiebericht" [Family News]. Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). No. 165. 22 July 1937. p. 4 – via Delpher.nl.
- Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979428257X. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Nio, Joe Lan (1940). Riwajat 40 Taon dari Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan — Batavia (1900 - 1939) [The History of Forty Years of Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan — Batavia (1900 - 1939)]. Batavia: Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "Phoa Keng Hek †. De Laatste Eer" [Phoa Keng Hek †. Their Last Respects.]. De Indische Courant (in Dutch). Surabaya. 26 July 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 11 June 2013 – via Delpher.nl.
- Setyautama, Sam; Mihardja, Suma (2008). Tokoh-tokoh Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia [Ethnic Chinese Figures in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9101-25-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sidharta, Myra (2003). "The Role of the Go-Between in Chinese Marriages in Batavia". In Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (eds.). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004131574.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Suryadinata, Leo (1995). Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-3055-04-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Suryadinata, Leo, ed. (1997). Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese: 1900-1977; a Sourcebook. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9971-69-201-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Tio, Ie Soei (1958). Lie Kimhok 1853–1912 (in Indonesian). Bandung: Good Luck. OCLC 1069407.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)