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The Oulad Abdoun is located west of the [[Atlas Mountains]], near the city of [[Khouribga]]. The Oulad Abdoun phosphate deposits encompass some {{convert|100|by|45|km}}, an area of {{convert|4,500|km2}}.<ref name="OCP1989" /> The Oulad Abdoun is the largest and northernmost of Morocco's major phosphate basins, which from northeast to southwest, include the [[Ganntour Basin|Ganntour]], [[Meskala Basin|Meskala]], and [[Oued Eddahab Basin|Oued Eddahab]] (Laayoune-Baa) basins.<ref name="Zouhrietal2008" /><ref name="OCP1989" />
The Oulad Abdoun is located west of the [[Atlas Mountains]], near the city of [[Khouribga]]. The Oulad Abdoun phosphate deposits encompass some {{convert|100|by|45|km}}, an area of {{convert|4,500|km2}}.<ref name="OCP1989" /> The Oulad Abdoun is the largest and northernmost of Morocco's major phosphate basins, which from northeast to southwest, include the [[Ganntour Basin|Ganntour]], [[Meskala Basin|Meskala]], and [[Oued Eddahab Basin|Oued Eddahab]] (Laayoune-Baa) basins.<ref name="Zouhrietal2008" /><ref name="OCP1989" />


==Paleobiota==
==Faunal composition==
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
The Oulad Abdoun Basin stretches from late Cretaceous to the Eocene, and contains abundant marine vertebrate fossils, including [[sharks]], [[bony fish]], [[turtle]]s, [[crocodilia]]ns, and other reptiles, as well as [[sea birds]] and a small number of terrestrial mammals.<ref name=Yansetal2014/><ref name=GBEA2003/>
The Oulad Abdoun Basin stretches from late Cretaceous to the Eocene, and contains abundant marine vertebrate fossils, including [[sharks]], [[bony fish]], [[turtle]]s, [[crocodilia]]ns, and other reptiles, as well as [[sea birds]] and a small number of terrestrial mammals.<ref name=Yansetal2014/><ref name=GBEA2003/>
{{expand list|date=March 2014}}


===Lizards===
===Lizards===
===Plesiosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Plesiosaur]]s from the Bearpaw Formation'''
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Lizard]]s from the Khouribga Phosphates'''
|-
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Member !! Material !! Notes !! Images
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Time !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
|-
| ''[[Mosasaurus]]''
| ''[[Albertonectes]]''<ref name=Albertonectes>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kubo | first1 = T. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = M. T. | last3 = Henderson | first3 = D. M. | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.658124 | title = ''Albertonectes vanderveldei'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 557–572| year = 2012 }}</ref>
| ''A. vanderveldei''
| ''M. beaugei''
| Alberta
|
| Maastrichtian
|
|
| A complete, well-preserved postcranial specimen, missing only the skull.
| A large [[Mosasaurinae|mosasaurine]] [[mosasaur]].
| An [[elasmosaurid]] [[plesiosaur]]. ''Albertonectes'' has the longest neck of any known plesiosaur.
| [[File:Fossil_vertebrae.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Albertonectes]]'']]
| [[File:Mosasaurus_21copy.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Mosasaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
| ''[[Eremiasaurus]]''
| ''[[Nakonanectes]]''<ref name=serratosetal>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1278608 | last1=Serratos |first1=Danielle J. |last2=Druckenmiller |first2=Patrick |last3=Benson |first3=Roger B.J. |title=A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2017 | volume=37 | issue=2 |page=e1278608| s2cid=132717607 | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75843f95-d662-4d23-adca-ce9786fe0195 }}</ref>
| ''N. bradti''
| ''E. heterodontus''
| Montana
|
|
| Maastrichtian
| A nearly complete skeleton including the skull.
|
| A small elasmosaurid plesiosaur with an unusually short neck.
| A mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual cutting dentition.
|
|
|-
|-
| ''[[Halisaurus]]''
| ''[[Terminonatator]]''<ref name=TS03>{{cite journal |last=Sato |first=Tamaki |year=2003 |title=''Terminonatator ponteixensis'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia:Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[89:TPANES]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
| ''T. ponteixensis''
| ''H. arambourgi''
| Saskatchewan
|
| A partially articulated incomplete skeleton, including a skull.
| An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.
|
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A [[Halisaurinae|halisaurine]] mosasaur.
| [[File:Halisaurus_arambourgi.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Halisaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Globidens]]''
| ''[[Dolichorhynchops]]''<ref name="Doli">{{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Tamaki |title=A new Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=1 September 2005 |volume=79 |issue=5 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-paleontology/volume-79/issue-5/0022-3360(2005)079%5b0969%3aANPPRS%5d2.0.CO%3b2/A-NEW-POLYCOTYLID-PLESIOSAUR-REPTILIA--SAUROPTERYGIA-FROM-THE-UPPER/10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2.short}}</ref>
| ''D. herschelensis''
| ''G. phosphaticus''
| Saskatchewan
|
| An incomplete skeleton
| One of the latest known [[Polycotylidae|polycotylid]]s.
|
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| rowspan=2 | A mosasaurine mosasaur with specialized crushing teeth.
| rowspan=3 | [[File:GlobidensDB2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Globidens]]'']]
|-
| ''G. simplex''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
|-
|style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''G. aegyptiacus''
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
|style="background:#fbdddb;" | Maastrichtian
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
|style="background:#fbdddb;" | Now referred to its own genus, ''Igdamanosaurus''.
|-
| ''[[Igdamanosaurus]]''
| ''I. aegyptiacus''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Carinodens]]''
| ''C. minalmamar''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A small mosasaurine mosasaur with crushing teeth.
| [[File:Carinodens_belgicus_1.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Carinodens]]'']]
|-
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Platecarpus]]''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''P. ptychodon''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Maastrichtian
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | A ''nomen dubium''.
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
| ''[[Gavialimimus]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Strong|first1=Catherine R. C.|last2=Caldwell|first2=Michael W.|last3=Konishi|first3=Takuya|last4=Palci|first4=Alessandro|date=2020-09-28|title=A new species of longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, with a re-evaluation of the problematic taxon 'Platecarpus' ptychodon|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2020.1818322|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=0|pages=1–36|doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1818322|issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| ''G. almaghribensis''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| An unusual longirostrine [[Plioplatecarpinae|plioplatecarpine]] mosasaur.
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Prognathodon]]''
| ''P. currii''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| rowspan=2 | A large mosasaurine mosasaur.
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Prognathodon3.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Prognathodon]]'']]
|-
| ''P. giganteus''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
|-
| ''[[Xenodens]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Longrich |first1=N. R. |last2=Bardet |first2=N. |last3=Schulp |first3=A. S. |last4=Jalil |first4=N.-E. |year=2021 |title=''Xenodens calminechari'' gen. et sp. nov., a bizarre mosasaurid (Mosasauridae, Squamata) with shark-like cutting teeth from the upper Maastrichtian of Morocco, North Africa |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=in press |pages=Article 104764 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104764 }}</ref>
| ''X. calminechari''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A small mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual, shark-like teeth.
|
|-
| ''[[Pachyvaranus]]''
| ''P. crassispondylus''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A [[Pachyvaranidae|pachyvaranid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeophis]]''<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/pala.12008 | volume=56 | issue=3 | title=New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco | journal=Palaeontology | pages=647–661| year=2013 | last1=Houssaye | first1=Alexandra | last2=Rage | first2=Jean-Claude | last3=Bardet | first3=Nathalie | last4=Vincent | first4=Peggy | last5=Amaghzaz | first5=Mbarek | last6=Meslouh | first6=Said | doi-access=free }}</ref>
| ''P. maghrebianus''
|
| Ypresian
|
| A [[Palaeophiidae|palaeophiid]] marine [[snake]].
| [[File:Palaeophiidae_-_Palaeophis_maghrebianus.JPG|thumb|center|200px|''[[Palaeophis]]'']]
|-
|-
|}
|}

====Snakes====

*''[[Palaeophis|Palaeophis maghrebianus]] - Ypresian<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/pala.12008 | volume=56 | issue=3 | title=New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco | journal=Palaeontology | pages=647–661| year=2013 | last1=Houssaye | first1=Alexandra | last2=Rage | first2=Jean-Claude | last3=Bardet | first3=Nathalie | last4=Vincent | first4=Peggy | last5=Amaghzaz | first5=Mbarek | last6=Meslouh | first6=Said | doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Mosasaurs====
*''[[Gavialimimus|Gavialimimus almaghribensis]]''- Maastrichtian
*''[[Halisaurus|Halisaurus arambourgi]]''- Maastrichtian
*''[[Eremiasaurus|Eremiasaurus heterodontus]]''- Maastrichtian
*''[[Igdamanosaurus|Igdamanosaurus aegyptiacus]]''- Maastrichtian
*''[[Xenodens|Xenodens calminechari]]''- Maastrichtian


====Plesiosaurs====
====Plesiosaurs====

Revision as of 19:33, 16 January 2021

32°54′N 6°57′W / 32.900°N 6.950°W / 32.900; -6.950

The Oulad Abdoun and other major phosphate basins (in yellow) of Morocco

The Oulad Abdoun Basin (also known as the Ouled Abdoun Basin or Khouribga Basin) is a phosphate sedimentary basin located in Morocco, near the city of Khouribga. It is the largest in Morocco, comprising 44% of Morocco's phosphate reserves, and at least 26.8 billion tons of phosphate.[1][2] It is also known as an important site for vertebrate fossils, with deposits ranging from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) to the Eocene epoch (Ypresian), a period of about 25 million years.[3]

Geography

The Oulad Abdoun is located west of the Atlas Mountains, near the city of Khouribga. The Oulad Abdoun phosphate deposits encompass some 100 by 45 kilometres (62 by 28 mi), an area of 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi).[2] The Oulad Abdoun is the largest and northernmost of Morocco's major phosphate basins, which from northeast to southwest, include the Ganntour, Meskala, and Oued Eddahab (Laayoune-Baa) basins.[1][2]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

The Oulad Abdoun Basin stretches from late Cretaceous to the Eocene, and contains abundant marine vertebrate fossils, including sharks, bony fish, turtles, crocodilians, and other reptiles, as well as sea birds and a small number of terrestrial mammals.[3][4]

Lizards

Lizards from the Khouribga Phosphates
Genus Species Location Time Material Notes Images
Mosasaurus M. beaugei Maastrichtian A large mosasaurine mosasaur.
Mosasaurus
Eremiasaurus E. heterodontus Maastrichtian A mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual cutting dentition.
Halisaurus H. arambourgi Maastrichtian A halisaurine mosasaur.
Halisaurus
Globidens G. phosphaticus Maastrichtian A mosasaurine mosasaur with specialized crushing teeth.
Globidens
G. simplex Maastrichtian
G. aegyptiacus Maastrichtian Now referred to its own genus, Igdamanosaurus.
Igdamanosaurus I. aegyptiacus Maastrichtian
Carinodens C. minalmamar Maastrichtian A small mosasaurine mosasaur with crushing teeth.
Carinodens
Platecarpus P. ptychodon Maastrichtian A nomen dubium.
Gavialimimus[5] G. almaghribensis Maastrichtian An unusual longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur.
Prognathodon P. currii Maastrichtian A large mosasaurine mosasaur.
Prognathodon
P. giganteus Maastrichtian
Xenodens[6] X. calminechari Maastrichtian A small mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual, shark-like teeth.
Pachyvaranus P. crassispondylus Maastrichtian A pachyvaranid
Palaeophis[7] P. maghrebianus Ypresian A palaeophiid marine snake.
Palaeophis

Plesiosaurs

Crocodylomorphs

Turtles

Pterosaurs

Mammals

Mammals are relatively rare in the basin but include early Afrotherians and primitive Proboscideans.[3]

Basal paeungulates

Probosicidea

Hyaenodontidae

Birds

Bird fossils are common in the Basin, which includes the oldest birds in Africa.[4] At least three orders and several families of sea birds are represented, including Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels, fossils assignable to Diomedeidae and Procellariidae), Pelecaniformes (pelicans and allies, fossils assignable to Phaethontidae, Prophaethontidae, Fregatidae and Pelagornithidae), and Anseriformes (waterfowl, including fossil Presbyornithidae).[4]

Non-avian Dinosaurs

Saurischia

Ornithischia

See also

References

  1. ^ a b S. Zouhri; A. Kchikach; O. Saddiqi; F.Z. El Haimer; L. Baidder; A. Michard (2008). "The Cretaceous-Tertiary Plateaus". In A. Michard; O. Saddiqi; A. Chalouan; D. Frizon de Lamotte (eds.). Continental Evolution: the Geology of Morocco. Berlin: Springer. pp. 331–358. ISBN 978-3540770756.
  2. ^ a b c Office Chérifien des Phosphates (1989). "The Phosphate Basins of Morocco". In A.J.G. Notholt; R.P. Sheldon; D.F. Davidson (eds.). Phosphate Deposits of the World. Volume 2, Phosphate Rock Resources. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–311. ISBN 9780521673334.
  3. ^ a b c Yans, Johan; Amaghzaz, M'Barek; Bouya, Baadi; Cappetta, Henri; Iacumin, Paola; Kocsis, László; Mouflih, Mustapha; Selloum, Omar; Sen, Sevket; Storme, Jean-Yves; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2014). "First carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate Basin, Morocco; implications for dating and evolution of earliest African placental mammals". Gondwana Research. 25 (1): 257–269. Bibcode:2014GondR..25..257Y. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.004.
  4. ^ a b c "Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand Daoui, bassin des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc, Yprésien: premier état des lieux" [The mammal localities of Grand Daoui Quarries, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Ypresian: A first survey]. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. (in French and English). 174 (3): 279–293. 2003. doi:10.2113/174.3.279. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Strong, Catherine R. C.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Konishi, Takuya; Palci, Alessandro (2020-09-28). "A new species of longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, with a re-evaluation of the problematic taxon 'Platecarpus' ptychodon". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 0: 1–36. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1818322. ISSN 1477-2019.
  6. ^ Longrich, N. R.; Bardet, N.; Schulp, A. S.; Jalil, N.-E. (2021). "Xenodens calminechari gen. et sp. nov., a bizarre mosasaurid (Mosasauridae, Squamata) with shark-like cutting teeth from the upper Maastrichtian of Morocco, North Africa". Cretaceous Research. in press: Article 104764. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104764.
  7. ^ Houssaye, Alexandra; Rage, Jean-Claude; Bardet, Nathalie; Vincent, Peggy; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Meslouh, Said (2013). "New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco". Palaeontology. 56 (3): 647–661. doi:10.1111/pala.12008.
  8. ^ Vincent, Peggy; Bardet, Nathalie; Pereda Suberbiola, Xabier; Bouya, Baâdi; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Meslouh, Saïd (2011). "Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs". Gondwana Research. 19 (4): 1062–1073. Bibcode:2011GondR..19.1062V. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.10.005.
  9. ^ "A new dyrosaurid crocodyliform from the Palaeocene of Morocco and a phylogenetic analysis of Dyrosauridae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (3): 581–594. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Jouve, Stéphane; Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; Bouya, Baâdi; Amaghzaz, Mbarek (2008). "The oldest African crocodylian: phylogeny, paleobiogeography, and differential survivorship of marine reptiles through the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 409–421. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[409:TOACPP]2.0.CO;2.
  11. ^ E. S. Gaffney, H. Tong, and P. A. Meylan. 2006. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300:1-318
  12. ^ Tong, H.; Hirayama, R. (2008). "A new species of Argillochelys (Testudines: Cryptodira: Cheloniidae) from the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin, Morocco". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 179 (6): 623–630. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.179.6.623.
  13. ^ Gaffney, E. S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P. A. (2006). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 300: 1–318. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:eotstt]2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/5824.
  14. ^ a b Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; de Lapparent de Broin, France; Germain, Damien; Lambert, Olivier; Amaghzaz, Mbarek (2013). "A giant chelonioid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco with a suction feeding apparatus unique among tetrapods". PLoS ONE. 8 (7): e63586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...863586B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063586. PMC 3708935. PMID 23874378.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Andres, Brian (2018). "Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". PLOS Biology. 16 (3): e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663. PMC 5849296. PMID 29534059.
  16. ^ a b Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Sudre, Jean; Iarochene, Mohamed; Moumni, Abdelkader (2001). "First ascertained African "Condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from the earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0107:FAACMP]2.0.CO;2.
  17. ^ Gheerbrant, E.; Sudre, J.; Cappetta, H.; Iarochène, M.; Amaghzaz, M.; Bouya, B. (2002). "A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 493–506.
  18. ^ Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
  19. ^ Longrich, N.R.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Jalil, N.-E.; Khaldoune, F.; Jourani, E. (2017). "An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco, North Africa". Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.021.
  20. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; Pyron, R. Alexander; Jalil, Nour-Eddine (2020). "The first duckbill dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Africa and the role of oceanic dispersal in dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104678.