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Coordinates: 32°54′N 6°57′W / 32.900°N 6.950°W / 32.900; -6.950
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name=BardetEtAl2013/>
name=BardetEtAl2013/>


====Pterosaurs====
===Pterosaurs==={| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
⚫
*''[[Alcione elainus]]''- Maastrichtian<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = Nicholas R. | last2 = Martill | first2 = David M. | last3 = Andres | first3 = Brian | year = 2018 | title = Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 3| page = e2001663 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 | doi-access = free | pmid = 29534059 | pmc = 5849296 }}</ref>
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Pterosaur]]s from the Khouribga Phosphates'''
*''[[Barbaridactylus|Barbaridactylus grandis]]''- Maastrichtian
|-
*''[[Simurghia|Simurghia robusta]]''- Maastrichtian
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Time !! Material !! Notes !! Images
⚫
*''[[Tethydraco regalis]]''- Maastrichtian
|-
⚫
*''[[Phosphatodraco mauritanicus]]''- Maastrichtian
⚫
| ''[[Alcione]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = Nicholas R. | last2 = Martill | first2 = David M. | last3 = Andres | first3 = Brian | year = 2018 | title = Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 3| page = e2001663 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 | doi-access = free | pmid = 29534059 | pmc = 5849296 }}</ref>
*''Indeterminate [[Azhdarchid]]''-Maastrichtian
| ''A. elainus''
⚫
*''[[Arambourgiania]]?''-Maastrichtian
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A [[Nyctosauridae|nyctosaurid]] which shows possible adaptations towards diving behaviour.
|
|-
| ''[[Barbaridactylus]]''
| ''B. grandis''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A nyctosaurid.
|
|-
| ''[[Simurghia]]''
| ''S. robusta''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A nyctosaurid related to ''Alcione''.
|
|-
⚫
| ''[[Phosphatodraco]]''
| ''P. mauritanicus''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| An [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]].
|
|-
⚫
| ''cf [[Arambourgiania]]''
| ''A. sp''?
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A giant azhdarchid, may belong to the [[Jordan|Jordanian]] taxon ''Arambourgiania''.
|
|-
| Azhdarchidae
| Indet.
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A new taxon, currently unnamed.
|
|-
⚫
| ''[[Tethydraco]]''
| ''T. regalis''
|
| Maastrichtian
|
| A pterosaur of debated affinity; may be an azhdarchid or a [[Pteranodontidae|pteranodontid]].
|
|-
|}


===Mammals===
===Mammals===

Revision as of 20:02, 16 January 2021

32°54′N 6°57′W / 32.900°N 6.950°W / 32.900; -6.950

The Oulad Abdoun and other major phosphate basins (in yellow) of Morocco

The Oulad Abdoun Basin (also known as the Ouled Abdoun Basin or Khouribga Basin) is a phosphate sedimentary basin located in Morocco, near the city of Khouribga. It is the largest in Morocco, comprising 44% of Morocco's phosphate reserves, and at least 26.8 billion tons of phosphate.[1][2] It is also known as an important site for vertebrate fossils, with deposits ranging from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) to the Eocene epoch (Ypresian), a period of about 25 million years.[3]

Geography

The Oulad Abdoun is located west of the Atlas Mountains, near the city of Khouribga. The Oulad Abdoun phosphate deposits encompass some 100 by 45 kilometres (62 by 28 mi), an area of 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi).[2] The Oulad Abdoun is the largest and northernmost of Morocco's major phosphate basins, which from northeast to southwest, include the Ganntour, Meskala, and Oued Eddahab (Laayoune-Baa) basins.[1][2]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

The Oulad Abdoun Basin stretches from late Cretaceous to the Eocene, and contains abundant marine vertebrate fossils, including sharks, bony fish, turtles, crocodilians, and other reptiles, as well as sea birds and a small number of terrestrial mammals.[3][4]

Lizards

Lizards from the Khouribga Phosphates
Genus Species Location Time Material Notes Images
Mosasaurus M. beaugei Maastrichtian A large mosasaurine mosasaur.
Mosasaurus
Eremiasaurus E. heterodontus Maastrichtian A mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual cutting dentition.
Halisaurus H. arambourgi Maastrichtian A halisaurine mosasaur.
Halisaurus
Globidens G. phosphaticus Maastrichtian A mosasaurine mosasaur with specialized crushing teeth.
Globidens
G. simplex Maastrichtian
G. aegyptiacus Maastrichtian Now referred to its own genus, Igdamanosaurus.
Igdamanosaurus I. aegyptiacus Maastrichtian
Carinodens C. minalmamar Maastrichtian A small mosasaurine mosasaur with crushing teeth.
Carinodens
Platecarpus P. ptychodon Maastrichtian A nomen dubium.
Gavialimimus[5] G. almaghribensis Maastrichtian An unusual longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur.
Prognathodon P. currii Maastrichtian A large mosasaurine mosasaur.
Prognathodon
P. giganteus Maastrichtian
Xenodens[6] X. calminechari Maastrichtian A small mosasaurine mosasaur with unusual, shark-like teeth.
Pachyvaranus P. crassispondylus Maastrichtian A pachyvaranid
Palaeophis[7] P. maghrebianus Ypresian A palaeophiid marine snake.
Palaeophis

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs from the Khouribga Phosphates
Genus Species Location Time Material Notes Images
Zarafasaura Z. oceanis Maastrichtian An elasmosaurid plesiosaur with an unusually short skull.
Zarafasaura

Crocodylomorphs

Turtles

===Pterosaurs==={| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | Pterosaurs from the Khouribga Phosphates |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Time !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | Alcione[14] | A. elainus | | Maastrichtian | | A nyctosaurid which shows possible adaptations towards diving behaviour. | |- | Barbaridactylus | B. grandis | | Maastrichtian | | A nyctosaurid. | |- | Simurghia | S. robusta | | Maastrichtian | | A nyctosaurid related to Alcione. | |- | Phosphatodraco | P. mauritanicus | | Maastrichtian | | An azhdarchid. | |- | cf Arambourgiania | A. sp? | | Maastrichtian | | A giant azhdarchid, may belong to the Jordanian taxon Arambourgiania. | |- | Azhdarchidae | Indet. | | Maastrichtian | | A new taxon, currently unnamed. | |- | Tethydraco | T. regalis | | Maastrichtian | | A pterosaur of debated affinity; may be an azhdarchid or a pteranodontid. | |- |}

Mammals

Mammals are relatively rare in the basin but include early Afrotherians and primitive Proboscideans.[3]

Basal paeungulates

Probosicidea

Hyaenodontidae

Birds

Bird fossils are common in the Basin, which includes the oldest birds in Africa.[4] At least three orders and several families of sea birds are represented, including Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels, fossils assignable to Diomedeidae and Procellariidae), Pelecaniformes (pelicans and allies, fossils assignable to Phaethontidae, Prophaethontidae, Fregatidae and Pelagornithidae), and Anseriformes (waterfowl, including fossil Presbyornithidae).[4]

Non-avian Dinosaurs

Saurischia

Ornithischia

See also

References

  1. ^ a b S. Zouhri; A. Kchikach; O. Saddiqi; F.Z. El Haimer; L. Baidder; A. Michard (2008). "The Cretaceous-Tertiary Plateaus". In A. Michard; O. Saddiqi; A. Chalouan; D. Frizon de Lamotte (eds.). Continental Evolution: the Geology of Morocco. Berlin: Springer. pp. 331–358. ISBN 978-3540770756.
  2. ^ a b c Office Chérifien des Phosphates (1989). "The Phosphate Basins of Morocco". In A.J.G. Notholt; R.P. Sheldon; D.F. Davidson (eds.). Phosphate Deposits of the World. Volume 2, Phosphate Rock Resources. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–311. ISBN 9780521673334.
  3. ^ a b c Yans, Johan; Amaghzaz, M'Barek; Bouya, Baadi; Cappetta, Henri; Iacumin, Paola; Kocsis, László; Mouflih, Mustapha; Selloum, Omar; Sen, Sevket; Storme, Jean-Yves; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2014). "First carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate Basin, Morocco; implications for dating and evolution of earliest African placental mammals". Gondwana Research. 25 (1): 257–269. Bibcode:2014GondR..25..257Y. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.004.
  4. ^ a b c "Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand Daoui, bassin des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc, Yprésien: premier état des lieux" [The mammal localities of Grand Daoui Quarries, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Ypresian: A first survey]. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. (in French and English). 174 (3): 279–293. 2003. doi:10.2113/174.3.279. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Strong, Catherine R. C.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Konishi, Takuya; Palci, Alessandro (2020-09-28). "A new species of longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, with a re-evaluation of the problematic taxon 'Platecarpus' ptychodon". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 0: 1–36. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1818322. ISSN 1477-2019.
  6. ^ Longrich, N. R.; Bardet, N.; Schulp, A. S.; Jalil, N.-E. (2021). "Xenodens calminechari gen. et sp. nov., a bizarre mosasaurid (Mosasauridae, Squamata) with shark-like cutting teeth from the upper Maastrichtian of Morocco, North Africa". Cretaceous Research. in press: Article 104764. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104764.
  7. ^ Houssaye, Alexandra; Rage, Jean-Claude; Bardet, Nathalie; Vincent, Peggy; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Meslouh, Said (2013). "New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco". Palaeontology. 56 (3): 647–661. doi:10.1111/pala.12008.
  8. ^ "A new dyrosaurid crocodyliform from the Palaeocene of Morocco and a phylogenetic analysis of Dyrosauridae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (3): 581–594. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Jouve, Stéphane; Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; Bouya, Baâdi; Amaghzaz, Mbarek (2008). "The oldest African crocodylian: phylogeny, paleobiogeography, and differential survivorship of marine reptiles through the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 409–421. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[409:TOACPP]2.0.CO;2.
  10. ^ E. S. Gaffney, H. Tong, and P. A. Meylan. 2006. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300:1-318
  11. ^ Tong, H.; Hirayama, R. (2008). "A new species of Argillochelys (Testudines: Cryptodira: Cheloniidae) from the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin, Morocco". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 179 (6): 623–630. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.179.6.623.
  12. ^ Gaffney, E. S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P. A. (2006). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 300: 1–318. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:eotstt]2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/5824.
  13. ^ a b Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; de Lapparent de Broin, France; Germain, Damien; Lambert, Olivier; Amaghzaz, Mbarek (2013). "A giant chelonioid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco with a suction feeding apparatus unique among tetrapods". PLoS ONE. 8 (7): e63586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...863586B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063586. PMC 3708935. PMID 23874378.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Andres, Brian (2018). "Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". PLOS Biology. 16 (3): e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663. PMC 5849296. PMID 29534059.
  15. ^ a b Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Sudre, Jean; Iarochene, Mohamed; Moumni, Abdelkader (2001). "First ascertained African "Condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from the earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0107:FAACMP]2.0.CO;2.
  16. ^ Gheerbrant, E.; Sudre, J.; Cappetta, H.; Iarochène, M.; Amaghzaz, M.; Bouya, B. (2002). "A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 493–506.
  17. ^ Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
  18. ^ Longrich, N.R.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Jalil, N.-E.; Khaldoune, F.; Jourani, E. (2017). "An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco, North Africa". Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.021.
  19. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; Pyron, R. Alexander; Jalil, Nour-Eddine (2020). "The first duckbill dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Africa and the role of oceanic dispersal in dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104678.

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