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==Prevalence==
==Prevalence==
In his book ''[[Flat Earth News (book)|Flat Earth News]]'',<ref name="Davies_FlatEarth_2008">{{Cite book| publisher = Chatto & Windus| isbn = 978-0-7011-8145-1| last = Davies| first = Nicholas| title =Flat Earth News: An Award-winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media| location = London| date = 2008}}</ref> the British journalist [[Nick Davies]] reported a study at [[Cardiff University]] by Professor [[Justin Lewis (media scholar)|Justin Lewis]] and a team of researchers<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thejournalist.org.uk/flatearth.html|title=Criticising the critical|first=Gary|last= Merrill|publisher=The Journalist}}</ref> which found that 80% of the stories in Britain's quality press were not original and that only 12% of stories were generated by [[reporter]]s.<ref name=SJ/> The result is a reduction of quality and accuracy, as the articles are open to manipulation and distortion.
In his book ''[[Flat Earth News (book)|Flat Earth News]]'',<ref name="Davies_FlatEarth_2008">{{Cite book| publisher = Chatto & Windus| isbn = 978-0-7011-8145-1| last = Davies| first = Nicholas| title =Flat Earth News: An Award-winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media| location = London| date = 2008}}</ref> the British journalist [[Nick Davies]] reported a study at [[Cardiff University]] by Professor [[Justin Lewis (media scholar)|Justin Lewis]] and a team of researchers<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thejournalist.org.uk/flatearth.html|title=Criticising the critical|first=Gary|last= Merrill|publisher=The Journalist}}</ref> which found that 80% of the stories in Britain's quality press were not original and that only 12% of stories were generated by [[reporter]]s.<ref name=SJ/> The result is a reduction of quality and accuracy, as the articles are open to manipulation and distortion.

A 2016 study of 1.8 million articles published by the U.S. and international editions of the [[HuffPost]] found that only 44% were written by staff journalists and thus could be considered original reporting<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Jean-Hugues |title=L’agrégation de news : quel taux d’originalité au HuffPost ? |url=https://fr.ejo.ch/deontologie-qualite/agregation-originalite-huffpost-churnalism |website=European Journalism Observatory |publisher=EJO |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>.


The journalist Waseem Zakir has been credited for coining the term ''churnalism'' while working for the BBC in 2008<ref>{{citation |page=53 |title=A Dictionary of Journalism |first=Tony |last=Harcup |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199646241}}</ref> (however, Zakir himself recollects it being a decade earlier).<ref>{{citation|url=https://twitter.com/WaseemZakir/status/956608764890746880|first=Waseem|last=Zakir|title=Waseem Zakir on Twitter|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> According to Zakir, the trend towards this form of journalism involves reporters becoming more reactive and less proactive in searching for news – "You get copy coming in on the wires and reporters churn it out, processing stuff and maybe adding the odd local quote. It's affecting every newsroom in the country and reporters are becoming churnalists."<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3bYN5iaROwC|pages=3–4|title=Journalism|first=Tony |last=Harcup|year=2004|isbn=9780761974994}}</ref>
The journalist Waseem Zakir has been credited for coining the term ''churnalism'' while working for the BBC in 2008<ref>{{citation |page=53 |title=A Dictionary of Journalism |first=Tony |last=Harcup |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199646241}}</ref> (however, Zakir himself recollects it being a decade earlier).<ref>{{citation|url=https://twitter.com/WaseemZakir/status/956608764890746880|first=Waseem|last=Zakir|title=Waseem Zakir on Twitter|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> According to Zakir, the trend towards this form of journalism involves reporters becoming more reactive and less proactive in searching for news – "You get copy coming in on the wires and reporters churn it out, processing stuff and maybe adding the odd local quote. It's affecting every newsroom in the country and reporters are becoming churnalists."<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3bYN5iaROwC|pages=3–4|title=Journalism|first=Tony |last=Harcup|year=2004|isbn=9780761974994}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:57, 29 January 2021

Journalism
Areas
Genres
Social impact
News media
Roles

Churnalism is a pejorative term for a form of journalism in which press releases, stories provided by news agencies, and other forms of pre-packaged material, instead of reported news, are used to create articles in newspapers and other news media. It is a portmanteau of "churn" and "journalism".[1] Its purpose is to reduce cost by reducing original news-gathering and checking sources,[2] to counter revenue lost with the rise of Internet news and decline in advertising; there was a particularly steep fall from late 2015.[3] The origin of the word has been credited to BBC journalist Waseem Zakir.

Churnalism has increased to the point that many stories found in the press are not original.[3] The decline of original journalism has been associated with a corresponding rise in public relations.[4]

Prevalence

In his book Flat Earth News,[5] the British journalist Nick Davies reported a study at Cardiff University by Professor Justin Lewis and a team of researchers[6] which found that 80% of the stories in Britain's quality press were not original and that only 12% of stories were generated by reporters.[2] The result is a reduction of quality and accuracy, as the articles are open to manipulation and distortion.

A 2016 study of 1.8 million articles published by the U.S. and international editions of the HuffPost found that only 44% were written by staff journalists and thus could be considered original reporting[7].

The journalist Waseem Zakir has been credited for coining the term churnalism while working for the BBC in 2008[8] (however, Zakir himself recollects it being a decade earlier).[9] According to Zakir, the trend towards this form of journalism involves reporters becoming more reactive and less proactive in searching for news – "You get copy coming in on the wires and reporters churn it out, processing stuff and maybe adding the odd local quote. It's affecting every newsroom in the country and reporters are becoming churnalists."[10]

An editorial on the matter in the British Journalism Review saw this trend as terminal for current journalism, "...a harbinger of the end of news journalism as we know it, the coroner's verdict can be nothing other than suicide."[11] Others, such as Peter Preston, former editor of The Guardian, see the issue as over-wrought, saying that there was never a golden age of journalism in which journalists were not subject to such pressures.[12]

Nick Davies and Roy Greenslade gave evidence on the matter to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee in 2009.[13]

Churnalism does not only occur in newspapers; for example, Chris Anderson's wide use of "writethroughs" in his book Free: The Future of a Radical Price has been labelled churnalism.[14]

Economic causes

Traditional newspapers have cut staff as their advertising revenue has declined because of competition from other media such as television and the Internet.[15] They no longer have sufficient staff to generate news stories by making the rounds of civic and business activities. Local newspapers and trade magazines are commonly produced by only one or two staff and these rely upon stories which are increasingly brought to them by PR[clarification needed] representatives, according to a senior public relations professional.[16] When the matter was debated at the Foreign Press Association, it was agreed that there was a relationship between the numbers of PR staff employed and journalists unemployed.[4] There was a particularly steep fall in UK advertising revenue in the 6 months to March 2016, with the Daily Mail & General Trust issuing a warning to investors after its newspaper division reported a 29% fall in profits largely to a 13% decline in print advertising revenue; news media commentator Roy Greenslade said in response to this "print cliff fall" that newspapers had no future.[3]

Other commentators have said the modern journalism is increasingly being performed in a cheaper, high-volume way, describing the resulting product with derogatory terms such as newszak (combination of "news" and "muzak"),[17] infotainment and junk-food journalism.[18]

Speed

In their book No Time to Think,[19] authors Howard Rosenberg and Charles S. Feldman emphasised the role of speed in degrading the quality of modern journalism.[20] An example is given of the BBC guide for online staff which gives advice to ensure good quality but also the contradictory advice, "Get the story up as fast as you can… We encourage a sense of urgency—we want to be first."[20]

Combating churnalism

Some organizations and tools have arisen to combat churnalism. In April 2013, the Sunlight Foundation, a non-profit which advocates for openness and transparency, in partnership with the UK's Media Standards Trust, launched churnalism.com, an online tool to discover churn. It used a database of known press releases and compared the text of a submitted URL to determine what percentage of it was derived churn.[21]

The Register commented that some level of "churnalism" is both normal and healthy for news organisations, but said it considered the Media Standards Trust was linked to campaigns supported by "wealthy and powerful individuals and celebrities" in favour of "state control of the media" in the UK, and claimed there was significant irony in the Sunlight Foundation tool launch announcement itself being "uncritically churned by many of the usual suspects".[22]

In Australia, the nationwide ABC public TV service airs a highly critical weekly 15-minute programme, Media Watch which regularly exposes churnalism, plagiarism, media bias and unethical behaviour by journalists and radio talk-back hosts.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Harcup, Tony (2015). Journalism: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). SAGE. p. 8. ISBN 9781473918139. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b Jackson, Sally (5 June 2008), "Fearing the rise of 'churnalism'", The Australian, archived from the original on 31 May 2009
  3. ^ a b c Roy Greenslade (27 May 2016). "Suddenly, national newspapers are heading for that print cliff fall". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b Mair, John (19 May 2009), Hacks beat Flacks to knockout in Pall Mall debate
  5. ^ Davies, Nicholas (2008). Flat Earth News: An Award-winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8145-1.
  6. ^ Merrill, Gary, Criticising the critical, The Journalist
  7. ^ Roy, Jean-Hugues. "L'agrégation de news : quel taux d'originalité au HuffPost ?". European Journalism Observatory. EJO. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  8. ^ Harcup, Tony (2014), A Dictionary of Journalism, Oxford University Press, p. 53, ISBN 9780199646241
  9. ^ Zakir, Waseem (25 January 2018), Waseem Zakir on Twitter
  10. ^ Harcup, Tony (2004), Journalism, pp. 3–4, ISBN 9780761974994
  11. ^ "Trivia pursuit", British Journalism Review, 19 (1): 3–4, 2008, doi:10.1177/0956474808090188
  12. ^ Wasserman, Herman (30 June 2008), "The dangers of 'churnalism'", moneyweb.co.za
  13. ^ Press standards, privacy and libel, vol. 2, House of Commons, 21 April 2009, ISBN 9780215544070
  14. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (25 June 2009). "WiReD editor 'fesses to churnalism: Information wants to be stolen". The Register.
  15. ^ Nyhan, David (2 May 1991), "When trash appears as news", Boston Globe
  16. ^ Macnamara, Jim R., The Impact of PR on the Media (PDF), Mass Communication Group, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2008
  17. ^ newszak Word Spy. Retrieved: 9 July 2011.
  18. ^ Davis, Aeron (2010), Political Communication and Social Theory, Taylor & Francis, p. 60, ISBN 9780415547123
  19. ^ Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (2008), No Time to Think, ISBN 9780826429315
  20. ^ a b Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (19 August 2008), "Why Is Speed So Bad?", USA Today
  21. ^ Gitlin, Jonathan M. (24 April 2013). ""Churnalism" tracker catches journalists copying press releases, Wikipedia". Ars Technica. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  22. ^ Page, Lewis (26 April 2013). "Announcement of 'churnalism detector' gets furiously churned". The Register. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  23. ^ Media Watch official web site
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