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=== Internal classification ===
=== Internal classification ===
===Mead (2003)===
===Mead (2003)===
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref> The Kaili–Wolio subgroup has been added from Zobel (2020).<ref name="Zobel-2020"/>
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>


*[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
*[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
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Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.<ref name="Zobel-2017">Zobel, Erik. 2017. ''[https://www.academia.edu/42194088/Notes_on_the_position_of_the_Tominic_languages_in_the_Celebic_subgroup Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup]''.</ref>{{rp|11}}
Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.<ref name="Zobel-2017">Zobel, Erik. 2017. ''[https://www.academia.edu/42194088/Notes_on_the_position_of_the_Tominic_languages_in_the_Celebic_subgroup Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup]''.</ref>{{rp|11}}


*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]<ref name="Zobel-2020">Zobel, Erik. 2020. "[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages]." ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 59, no. 1: 297-346.</ref>
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]<ref name="Zobel-2020">Zobel, Erik. 2020. "[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages]." ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 59, no. 1: 297-346.</ref><ref>Zobel, Erik. 2018. ''[https://www.academia.edu/13958299/Evidence_for_a_Kaili_Wolio_branch_of_the_Celebic_languages Evidence for a Kaili-Wolio branch of the Celebic languages<]''./ref>
*Tominic–Eastern Celebic
*Tominic–Eastern Celebic
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tominic]]
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tominic]]

Revision as of 01:34, 18 February 2021

Celebic
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Celebic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcele1242

The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.

Subgrouping

Internal classification

Mead (2003)

David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2]

Zobel (2017)

Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.[3]: 11 

Proto-Celebic

Proto-Celebic
Reconstruction ofCelebic languages
RegionSulawesi
Reconstructed
ancestors
Lower-order reconstructions

David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]

1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic

  • *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
  • *h > Ø
  • *d > *r
  • *ay, *-ey > *e
  • *-aw, *-ew > *o
  • *j > *y, Ø

2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic

3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai

  • *-awa- > *oa
  • *-b, *-g > *p, *k
  • *q > *ʔ

4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic

  • *-w- > Ø
  • *s > *s, *h
  • *Z > *s
  • *ñ > n
  • *b > *b, *w

5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki

  • *q > *ʔ
  • *w- > *h
  • *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i

6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton

  • *w > Ø
  • final consonant loss (?)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
  2. ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
  3. ^ Zobel, Erik. 2017. Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup.
  4. ^ Zobel, Erik. 2020. "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 59, no. 1: 297-346.
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