Celebic languages: Difference between revisions
m Reference |
Northern and Southern |
||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.<ref name="Zobel-2017">Zobel, Erik. 2017. ''[https://www.academia.edu/42194088/Notes_on_the_position_of_the_Tominic_languages_in_the_Celebic_subgroup Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup]''.</ref>{{rp|11}} |
Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.<ref name="Zobel-2017">Zobel, Erik. 2017. ''[https://www.academia.edu/42194088/Notes_on_the_position_of_the_Tominic_languages_in_the_Celebic_subgroup Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup]''.</ref>{{rp|11}} |
||
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]<ref name="Zobel-2020">Zobel, Erik. 2020. "[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages]." ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 59, no. 1: 297-346.</ref><ref>Zobel, Erik. 2018. ''[https://www.academia.edu/13958299/Evidence_for_a_Kaili_Wolio_branch_of_the_Celebic_languages Evidence for a Kaili-Wolio branch of the Celebic languages |
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]<ref name="Zobel-2020">Zobel, Erik. 2020. "[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages]." ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 59, no. 1: 297-346.</ref><ref>Zobel, Erik. 2018. ''[https://www.academia.edu/13958299/Evidence_for_a_Kaili_Wolio_branch_of_the_Celebic_languages Evidence for a Kaili-Wolio branch of the Celebic languages]''.</ref> |
||
**''Northern'': Pamona, Common Kaili, Topoiyo, Sedoa, Lindu, Kulawi, Uma, Baras |
|||
**''Southern'': Ledo, Wotu, Island subbranch (= Loa', Kalao, Wolio, Kamaru), Mamuju |
|||
*Tominic–Eastern Celebic |
*Tominic–Eastern Celebic |
||
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tominic]] |
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tominic]] |
||
Revision as of 01:36, 18 February 2021
| Celebic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Sulawesi |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Celebic |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | cele1242 |
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.
Subgrouping
Internal classification
Mead (2003)
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2]
- Tomini–Tolitoli
- Kaili–Pamona
- Wotu–Wolio
- Eastern
- Saluan–Banggai
- Southeastern
Zobel (2017)
Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.[3]: 11
- Kaili–Wolio[4][5]
- Northern: Pamona, Common Kaili, Topoiyo, Sedoa, Lindu, Kulawi, Uma, Baras
- Southern: Ledo, Wotu, Island subbranch (= Loa', Kalao, Wolio, Kamaru), Mamuju
- Tominic–Eastern Celebic
- Tominic
- Eastern Celebic (?)
- Saluan–Banggai
- Southeastern Celebic
Position within Austronesian
At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.[6]
Proto-Celebic
| Proto-Celebic | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Celebic languages |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]
1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
- *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
- *h > Ø
- *d > *r
- *ay, *-ey > *e
- *-aw, *-ew > *o
- *j > *y, Ø
2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
- *e (schwa) > *o
- *-iq > *eq
- antepenultimate *a > *o
3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
- *-awa- > *oa
- *-b, *-g > *p, *k
- *q > *ʔ
4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
- *-w- > Ø
- *s > *s, *h
- *Z > *s
- *ñ > n
- *b > *b, *w
5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
- *q > *ʔ
- *w- > *h
- *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
- *w > Ø
- final consonant loss (?)
See also
References
- ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
- ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
- ^ Zobel, Erik. 2017. Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup.
- ^ Zobel, Erik. 2020. "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 59, no. 1: 297-346.
- ^ Zobel, Erik. 2018. Evidence for a Kaili-Wolio branch of the Celebic languages.
- ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
External links
- Celebic languages at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).
- Classification of Sulawesi languages