Help:External links and references

External links and references are two important elements of Wikipedia that newcomers sometimes find trouble with. This page is designed to cover only the technical aspects of linking and referencing; it is essential that editors also familiarize themselves with Wikipedia:External links, Wikipedia:Reliable sources and Wikipedia:Citing sources, as well as Wikipedia's various other policies regarding external links and references.

External links

To place an external link in an article, you put the link in single brackets like this:

[URL text-you-want-to-show]

For example,

[http://wikipedia.com/ Wikipedia]

will display as

Wikipedia

[1] Before adding external links to an article, you should check out Wikipedia:External links so you can learn Wikipedia policy on external links.

References

See also: Help:Referencing for beginners and Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates

When adding references to articles, most editors use footnotes that look like this: . If you click on the footnote, it takes you to a section, usually at the bottom of the page, where you can see information about the source being cited.

Here are some citing basics:

1. How to format citations: Put all citations inside the tags <ref> and </ref>. This allows them to be automatically included in a reference list. Try to include author, date and title of anything you cite. For books and magazines, you should also include page numbers and ISBNs. Here is an example taken from the page Help:Referencing for beginners: <ref>Plunkett, John. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 28 October 2005.</ref> It will show up in the article's "References" section as: Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", The Guardian, London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 28 October 2005.
2. Citation templates: There are many templates to make citations easier, such as {{cite web}} and {{cite news}}. A list can be found at Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples. There's also a tool called Reference generator that you can use. If you wanted to use a template for the above source, you would use {{cite news}}, which would be filled out like this: <ref>{{cite news |title=Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying |first=Plunkett |last=John |url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Media Group |location=London |date=27 October 2005 |accessdate=28 October 2005 }}</ref>. It would show up in the "references" section as: John, Plunkett (27 October 2005). "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 28 October 2005.. There are some template parameters that haven't been filled out. For a full list of parameters for this template, look at the template.
3. Where to place references: for more detailed information on when to include a reference, look at WP:CITE. When you want to cite a source, place the citation right after the information citing. If you're citing a sentence, place the reference after the period. It's prettier that way.
4. Using a reference more than once: If you wish to use a reference more than once, the first time you use it, type the citation like this: <ref name="name">insert reference here</ref>. Then, when you want to cite that source again, simply type <ref name="name" /> where you want to cite it.
5. Reference lists: You can make sure all references put between <ref> and </ref> are automatically put in the "References" section. This helps a ton, because the section automatically numbers them and everything. To do this, you can put {{Reflist}} in the "References" section. You can put <references/> there instead, if you want.

If all this is a bit confusing, you can use this handy tool while you learn how to make citations by hand. It has a form you fill out with the information of the web page or news story and it will generate a citation for you.

Below are some example citations (using the examples outlined above) and a sample reference list below, except this time, they will display like they would in an article. If you look at the reference list, next to reference 1, it says ^{a b}. Click on one of those letters next to the citation. ^a will take you to the first place reference 1 is cited. Likewise, ^b will take you to the second place reference 1 is cited. Clicking on the ^{^} next to reference 2 will take you to where reference 2 is cited.

Sample cited text

John Smith is forty-three.

John Plunkett said this, that, and then some in an article in the Guardian. John Smith agreed with what John Plunkett said.