Aquilolamna

Aquilolamna Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, Turonian
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Lamniformes (?)
Family:	†Aquilolamnidae
Genus:	†Aquilolamna Vullo, Frey, Ifrim, González González, Stinnesbeck, & Stinnesbeck, 2021
Type species
Aquilolamna milarcae Vullo, Frey, Ifrim, González González, Stinnesbeck, & Stinnesbeck, 2021

Aquilolamna ("eagle shark") is an extinct genus of shark-like elasmobranch from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian)-aged Agua Nueva Formation of Mexico. It is currently known to contain only one species, A. milarcae, and it is classified in its own family Aquilolamnidae, which has been tentatively assigned to the mackerel sharks.

Taxonomy

While Aquilolamna is thought to be an elasmobranch, its taxonomy is disputed, as despite having an very well-preserved specimen, no teeth are known to have been preserved, which are important for determining the taxonomic affinities of fossil sharks; they are thought to have been dislodged when the fossilized individual died, although they could be preserved deeper in the matrix. Potential skin impressions preserved with the fossil could potentially be just fossilized bacterial mats. It was tentatively assigned to Lamniformes by the paper that described it based on some morphological similarities, but due to its extremely unusual features, other paleontologists have reservations about classifying it as such, and future research may be required. However, it has been suspected that Aquilolamna may have been closely allied with Cretomanta, an extinct neoselachian of uncertain taxonomic identity described in 1990 from teeth found in Texas (with further remains found in Canada and Colorado), which lived around the same time as Aquilolamna. Both genera may even belong to the same family.

Description

It displays an array of extremely unusual adaptations that make it unlike any known species of shark, living or extinct. It had a torpedo-shaped body and tail similar to that of most sharks, but also had a pair of extremely long, winglike pectoral fins that made its body wider than it was long. These, combined with its broad head, have lead to the hypothesis that Aquilolamna was a planktivorous filter-feeder, marking a form of convergent evolution with manta rays, which appeared millions of years later in the fossil record. Unlike manta rays, which "fly" through the water by flapping their fins, Aquilolamna may have instead steadily "glided" through the water with the help of its slender pectoral fins, and propelled itself with its tail.

Discovery

It was described from a single extremely well-preserved specimen, containing a fully-preserved skeleton and potential skin impressions, recovered in 2012 by an unknown quarry worker in Vallecillo in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. The specimen came to the attention of local paleontologist Margarito González González, who collected and prepared the specimen. Over the coming years, it received increasing attention at paleontological conferences, and was finally described in 2021.

Paleoecology

Aquilolamna likely lived in a pelagic habitat during the Turonian period of the Late Cretaceous, about 93 million years ago. It may have shared its habitat with marine reptiles, ammonites, and various bony fishes, with the top predator in the ecosystem being the large mackerel shark Cretoxyrhina. Aquilolamna's lineage may have went extinct following a decline in plankton populations brought about by ocean acidification from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, with mobulid rays and other batoids later filling in the ecological niche left by its extinction.