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The failure of Ishmael and Esau to obtain their natural birthright does not hinder the fulfillment of God's promises, because it is through the second born, Isaac and Jacob, the true 'children of promise', that God's plan was fulfilled.{{sfn|Hill|2007|p=1100}}
The failure of Ishmael and Esau to obtain their natural birthright does not hinder the fulfillment of God's promises, because it is through the second born, Isaac and Jacob, the true 'children of promise', that God's plan was fulfilled.{{sfn|Hill|2007|p=1100}}


==Verse 27==
===Verse 27===
: ''[[Isaiah]] also cries out concerning Israel:''
:''[[Isaiah]] also cries out concerning Israel:''
:: ''“Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea,''
::''"Though the number of the children of Israel be like the sand of the sea,''
::''The remnant will be saved.”''<ref>{{bibleverse||Romans|9:27|NKJV}} NKJV</ref>
::''a remnant shall be saved."''<ref>{{bibleref2|Romans|9:27|MEV}} MEV</ref>
Citing [[Isaiah 10:22]][[Isaiah 10:23|–23]]
Citing [[Isaiah 10:22]][[Isaiah 10:23|–23]]<ref name="27MEV">Note on Romans 9:27–28 in MEV</ref>


==Verse 28==
==Verse 28==

Revision as of 18:03, 19 March 2021

Romans 9
Epistle to the Romans 8:12–22 in the bigger of two fragments forming Papyrus 27 (recto side), written in the 3rd century.
BookEpistle to the Romans
CategoryPauline epistles
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part6

Romans 9 is the ninth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, while he was in Corinth in the mid 50s CE,[1] with the help of an amanuensis (secretary), Tertius, who adds his own greeting in Romans 16:22.[2]

The reformer Martin Luther stated that "in chapters 9, 10 and 11, St. Paul teaches us about the eternal providence of God. It is the original source which determines who would believe and who wouldn't, who can be set free from sin and who cannot".[3]

Methodist writer Joseph Benson summarises this chapter:

The apostle having insinuated, in Romans 3:3, that God would cast off the Jews for their unbelief, a Jew is there supposed to object, that their rejection would destroy the faithfulness of God. To this the apostle answered, that the faithfulness of God would be established rather than destroyed, by the rejection of the Jews for their unbelief.[4]

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 33 verses.

Textual witnesses

Fragments c to h containing parts of the Epistle to the Romans in Papyrus 40, written about AD 250.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

Paul's lament over Israel (9:1–5)

The remarks in verses 1–5 seem to mirror Exodus 32:30–34, when Moses offered to be 'blotted out of the book' for the Israelites, who had 'sinned a great sin' for worshiping the golden calf at the Mount Sinai.[5] This incident may also underline Paul's description of human idolatry and rebellion in Romans 1:18-32 and Paul explicitly contrasted his ministry with that of Moses in 2 Corinthians 3:4-11.[5] Therefore, Paul speaks of the 'Israelites' (verse 4 and more generally in chapters 9–11) instead of the 'Jews'.[5]

Verse 3

For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my countrymen according to the flesh[6]

Alexander Kirkpatrick, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,[7] associates Paul's willingness to be "cursed and cut off from Christ" for the sake of his brethren [8] with Moses' prayer for the forgiveness of his wayward people ("forgive their sin – but if not, I pray, blot me out of Your book which You have written") [9] and with King David's mourning on the death of his son Absalom, "O my son Absalom – my son, my son Absalom – if only I had died in your place! O Absalom my son, my son!".[10]

God's consistency evident in the election of true Israel (9:6–29)

Verse 6

But it is not that the word of God has taken no effect. For they are not all Israel who are of Israel,[11]

The divine promises to Abraham were fulfilled, even though 'only a portion of Abraham's natural descendants' was elected.[5]

Verse 7

nor are they all children because they are the seed of Abraham; but, "In Isaac your seed shall be called."[12]

The failure of Ishmael and Esau to obtain their natural birthright does not hinder the fulfillment of God's promises, because it is through the second born, Isaac and Jacob, the true 'children of promise', that God's plan was fulfilled.[5]

Verse 27

Isaiah also cries out concerning Israel:
"Though the number of the children of Israel be like the sand of the sea,
a remnant shall be saved."[14]

Citing Isaiah 10:22–23[15]

Verse 28

"For He will finish the work and cut it short in righteousness,
Because the Lord will make a short work upon the earth."[16]

Citing Isaiah 10:22–23

Verse 33

As it is written:
“Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and rock of offense,
And whoever believes on Him will not be put to shame.”[17]

Citing Isaiah 8:14; Isaiah 28:16

See also

References

  1. ^ Hill 2007, p. 1084.
  2. ^ Donaldson, Terence L. (2007). "63. Introduction to the Pauline Corpus". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0199277186.
  3. ^ Luther, M., Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans, translated by Andrew Thornton, OSB
  4. ^ Benson's Commentary on Romans 9, accessed 22 September 2016
  5. ^ a b c d e Hill 2007, p. 1100.
  6. ^ Romans 9:3 NKJV
  7. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 2 Samuel 18, accessed 12 August 2017
  8. ^ Romans 9:3 Revised Standard Version
  9. ^ Exodus 32:32
  10. ^ 2 Samuel 18:33
  11. ^ Romans 9:6 NKJV
  12. ^ Romans 9:7 NKJV
  13. ^ Note on Romans 9:7 in MEV
  14. ^ Romans 9:27 MEV
  15. ^ Note on Romans 9:27–28 in MEV
  16. ^ Romans 9:28 NKJV
  17. ^ Romans 9:33 NKJV

Bibliography

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