Xikang: Difference between revisions
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|date_event1 = 27 March 1950 |
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|era = 20th century |
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|image_map = ROC Div Xikang.svg |
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|image_map_caption = Xikang Province ( |
|image_map_caption = Xikang Province (red) in the Republic of China |
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{{harvp|Lin, Bounary, sovereignty and imagiantion|2004|p=29}}: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914." |
{{harvp|Lin, Bounary, sovereignty and imagiantion|2004|p=29}}: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914." |
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The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as [[Han Chinese]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Qiang people]] and Tibetan, then known as ''Chuanbian'' ({{lang|zh|川邊}}), a [[Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions|special administrative region]] of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China invaded and occupied Tibet, the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang |
The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as [[Han Chinese]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Qiang people]] and Tibetan, then known as ''Chuanbian'' ({{lang|zh|川邊}}), a [[Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions|special administrative region]] of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China invaded and occupied Tibet, the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang was fulfilled. |
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The provincial capital of Xikang was [[Kangding]] from 1939 to 1951 and [[Ya'an]] from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of some 3.4 million in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> |
The provincial capital of Xikang was [[Kangding]] from 1939 to 1951 and [[Ya'an]] from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of some 3.4 million in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> |
Revision as of 23:04, 28 March 2021
Xikang Province 西康省 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province of the Republic of China (1939–1950) | |||||||||||
1939–1950 | |||||||||||
Xikang Province (red) in the Republic of China | |||||||||||
Capital | Kangding (1912-1931) Ba'an (1931-1935) Ya'an (1935-1936) Kangding (1935-1949) Xichang (1949-1950) | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Estimate | 451,521 km2 (174,333 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• Estimate | 1,748,458 | ||||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||||
• Established | 1939 | ||||||||||
• Fall of Xichang | 27 March 1950 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1950 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | China India |
Xikang Province 西康省 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province of the People's Republic of China (1950–1955) | |||||||||||
1950–1955 | |||||||||||
Xikang Province (orange) in the People's Republic of China | |||||||||||
Capital | Kangding (1950-1951) Ya'an (1951-1955) | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• 1953 | 451,521 km2 (174,333 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1953 | 3,381,064 | ||||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||||
• Established | 1950 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1955 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | China India |
Xikang (also Sikang or Hsikang) was an illusory province[1] formed by the Republic of China in 1939 and continued by early People's Republic of China. It comprised most of the Kham region of the then independent Tibet, where the Khampa, a subgroup of the Tibetan people, live.[2] It also included in the south the Assam Himalaya region (Arunachal Pradesh) that Tibet had recognised as part of British India by the 1914 McMahon Line agreement.[3] The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as Han Chinese, Yi, Qiang people and Tibetan, then known as Chuanbian (川邊), a special administrative region of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China invaded and occupied Tibet, the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang was fulfilled.
The provincial capital of Xikang was Kangding from 1939 to 1951 and Ya'an from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of some 3.4 million in 1954.[4]
History
Following the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911 which led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty, this region[which?] was established as the Chuanbian Special Administrative District (川邊特別行政區) by the newly founded Republic of China.
In June 1930 this region[which?] was invaded by the army of Tibet, precipitating the Sino-Tibetan War. With the district locked in internal struggles, no reinforcements were sent to support the Sichuanese troops stationed here. As a result, the Tibetan army captured, without encountering much resistance, Garze and Xinlong Counties. When a negotiated ceasefire failed, Tibetan forces expanded the war attempting to capture parts of southern Qinghai province. In March 1932 their force invaded Qinghai but was defeated by the local Hui warlord Ma Bufang in July, routing the Tibetan army and driving it back to this district.
The Hui army captured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. Their victories threatened the supply lines to the Tibetan forces in Garze and Xinlong. As a result, part of the Tibetan army was forced to withdraw.
In 1932 Liu Wenhui in cooperation with the Qinghai army, sent out a brigade to attack the Tibetan troops in Garze and Xinlong, eventually occupying them, Dêgê and other counties east of the Jinshajiang River. The 1934 Khamba Rebellion led by the Pandatsang family broke out against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Khampa revolutionary leader Pandatsang Rapga was involved.
In January 1939, the Chuanbian Special Administrative District officially became a province of the Republic, the Hsikang Province. Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of Sikang, where he formed a local government. He was sent there for the purpose of propagating the Three Principles of the People to the Khampa.[5]
In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, Xikang was split along the Yangtze into Sikang to the east and a separate Chamdo Territory (昌都地区) to the west. Chamdo was merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. The rest of Hsikang was merged into Sichuan in 1955.
Administrative divisions
1939-1950
Name | Administrative Seat | Traditional Chinese | Subdivisions | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Administrative Circuit | Kangding County | 第一行政督察區 | 4 counties, 1 bureau | Later the Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region |
Second Administrative Circuit | Yingjing County | 第二行政督察區 | 7 counties | Later the Ya'an Division |
Third Administrative Circuit | Xichang County | 第三行政督察區 | 9 counties, 3 bureaus | Later the XIchang Division |
Fourth Administrative Circuit | Garzê County | 第四行政督察區 | 15 counties | Later the Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region |
Fifth Administrative Circuit | — | 第五行政督察區 | 13 counties | Chamdo Region; de facto controlled by Tibet |
1950–1955
Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Subdivisions |
---|---|---|---|
Ya'an (1951-1955) | 雅安市 | Yǎ'ān shì | 1 city Ya'an |
Ya'an Division | 雅安专区 | Yǎ'ān Zhuānqū | 8 counties Ya'an (1950-1951), Baoxing, Lushan, Tianquan, Yingjing, Hanyuan, Mingshan (1951-1955), Shimian (1951-1955) |
Xichang Division | 西昌专区 | Xīchāng Zhuānqū | 13 counties Xichang, Yanyuan, Yanbian, Huili, Ningnan, Dechang, Zhaojue (1950-1952), Yuexi, Mianning, Jinkang (1952-1955), Muli (1952-1955), Miyi (1952-1955), Huidong 3 bureaus Puge (1950-1952), Ningdong (1950-1952), Luoning (1950-1952) |
Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region | 西康省藏族自治区 | Xīkāng Shěng Zàngzú Zìzhìqū | 20 counties direct controlled Kangding, Danba, Qianning, Yajiang, Luding, Jiulong 1 bureau Jintang Ganzi Regional Office (1951-1955) Litang Regional Office (1951-1955) |
Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region (1952-1955) | 凉山彝族自治区 | Liángshān Yízú Zìzhìqū | 8 counties Zhaojue, Puge, Ningdong, Xide, Butuo, Jinyang, Meigu, Puxiong |
List of Governors
Kuomintang (Nationalist) Communist Party of China
Chairperson of the Provincial Government
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of Office | Political Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background:Template:Kuomintang/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 | Liu Wenhui 劉文輝 Liú Wénhuī (1895–1976) |
1 January 1939 | 9 December 1949 | Kuomintang | |
Defected to the Communists. | |||||
style="background:Template:Kuomintang/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2| 2 | Ho Kuo-kuang 賀國光 Hè Guóguāng (1885–1969) |
25 December 1949 | March 1950 | Kuomintang | |
Fled to Taiwan via Haikou after fall of Xichang. |
Xikang CPC Party Committee Secretary
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of Office | Political Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background:Template:Communist Party of China/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 | Liao Zhigao 廖志高 Liào Zhìgāo (1913–2000) |
1950 | 1955 | Communist Party of China | |
Province abolished. |
Xikang People's Government Chairperson (Governor after January 1955)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of Office | Political Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background:Template:Communist Party of China/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 | Liao Zhigao 廖志高 Liào Zhìgāo (1913–2000) |
26 April 1950 | September 1955 | Communist Party of China | |
Province abolished. |
See also
References
- ^ Lin, Bounary, sovereignty and imagiantion (2004), p. 30: "Despite its almost entirely illusory nature, the so-called Xikang province was officially sketched out by Chinese map-makers, from whom it came to be known nation-wide.
- ^ Lin, Bounary, sovereignty and imagiantion (2004), p. 29: "According to the Kuomintang, the boundary of this new Xikang province encompassed, not only part of the southwestern province of Sichuan that was then dominated by the Han Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui, but also a huge portion of the ethnographic Tibetan area west of the Upper Yangtze River that was then effectively administered by the autonomous Tibetan government."
- ^ Lin, Bounary, sovereignty and imagiantion (2004), p. 29: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914."
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Vol. Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
area and spreading Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle among the Tibetan and Khampa minorities, Kesang Tsering set up a field headquarters in Batang (Pa'an). There he appointed his own Xikang provincial government staff and issued an
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help)
Bibliography
- Lin, Hsiao-Ting (2004), "Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47", The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 32 (3): 25–47, doi:10.1080/0308653042000279650
- Lin, Hsiao-ting (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A journey to the west. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3.
- States and territories established in 1939
- States and territories disestablished in 1950
- States and territories established in 1950
- States and territories disestablished in 1955
- 1939 establishments in Tibet
- Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
- Former provinces of China
- Tibet
- 1950 disestablishments in China