Kutná Hora: Difference between revisions
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The earliest traces of silver have been found dating back to the 10th century, when Bohemia already had been in the crossroads of long-distance trade for many centuries. Silver [[dinar]]s have been discovered belonging to the period between 982 and 995 in the settlement of {{ill|Malín|cs}}, which is now a part of Kutná Hora. |
The earliest traces of silver have been found dating back to the 10th century, when Bohemia already had been in the crossroads of long-distance trade for many centuries. Silver [[dinar]]s have been discovered belonging to the period between 982 and 995 in the settlement of {{ill|Malín|cs}}, which is now a part of Kutná Hora. |
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The town began in 1142 with the settlement of [[Sedlec Abbey]], the first [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monastery in [[Bohemia]] |
The town began in 1142 with the settlement of [[Sedlec Abbey]], the first [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monastery in [[Bohemia]]. The Cistercian order based in the [[Sedlec Monastery]] was brought from the [[Imperial immediacy|Imperial immediate]] Cistercian [[Waldsassen Abbey]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]], close to the border with the Czech Republic. By 1260, German miners began to mine for [[silver]] in the mountain region, which they named Kuttenberg, and which was part of the monastery property. The name of the mountain is said to have derived from the monks' [[cowl]]s (the ''Kutten'') or from the word mining (''kutání'' in old [[Czech language|Czech]]). |
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===Middle Ages=== |
===Middle Ages=== |
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Revision as of 10:01, 31 March 2021
Kutná Hora | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Vineyard of Kutná Hora | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Kutná Hora Location in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°56′54″N 15°16′6″E / 49.94833°N 15.26833°E | |
| Country |  Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Kutná Hora |
| Founded | 13th century |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Josef Viktora (ANO) |
| Area | |
• Total | 33.05 km2 (12.76 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 254 m (833 ft) |
| Population (2020-01-01[1]) | |
• Total | 20,653 |
| • Density | 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 284 01 |
| Website | www |
| Official name | Historical Town Center with the Church of St. Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec |
| Criteria | ii, iv |
| Reference | 732 |
| Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
Kutná Hora (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkutnaː ˈɦora] ⓘ; medieval Czech: Hory Kutné; Template:Lang-de) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 21,000.
History
Establishment
The earliest traces of silver have been found dating back to the 10th century, when Bohemia already had been in the crossroads of long-distance trade for many centuries. Silver dinars have been discovered belonging to the period between 982 and 995 in the settlement of Malín, which is now a part of Kutná Hora.
The town began in 1142 with the settlement of Sedlec Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery in Bohemia. The Cistercian order based in the Sedlec Monastery was brought from the Imperial immediate Cistercian Waldsassen Abbey in Bavaria, Germany, close to the border with the Czech Republic. By 1260, German miners began to mine for silver in the mountain region, which they named Kuttenberg, and which was part of the monastery property. The name of the mountain is said to have derived from the monks' cowls (the Kutten) or from the word mining (kutání in old Czech).
Middle Ages
From the 13th to 16th centuries, the town competed with Prague economically, culturally, and politically.[2] Under Abbot Heinrich Heidenreich, the territory greatly advanced due to the silver mines which gained importance during the economic boom of the 13th century.
In 1300, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia issued the new royal mining code Ius regale montanorum (also known as Constitutiones Iuris Metallici Wenceslai II). This was a legal document that specified all administrative as well as technical terms and conditions necessary for the operation of mines.[3] Prague groschen were minted between 1300 and 1547/48.
In December 1402, the town was sacked by Emperor Sigismund after the imprisonment of Wenceslaus IV. It was heavily defended by it's residents. Although Sigismund was successful in his conquest, his hetman Markvart of Ulice (Template:Lang-de) died after being struck by an arrow during the siege on 27 December.[4][5] A fictionalized Markvart later appeared as an antagonist in the 2018 video game Kingdom Come: Deliverance.[6]
The town developed with great rapidity, and at the outbreak of the Hussite Wars in 1419 was the second most important town in Bohemia after Prague, having become the favourite residence of several Bohemian kings. It was here that, on January 18, 1409, Wenceslaus IV signed the famous Decree of Kutná Hora, by which the Czech university nation was given three votes in the elections to the faculty of Prague University as against one for the three other nations.
In 1420, Sigismund made the town the base for his unsuccessful attack on the Taborites during the Hussite Wars, leading to the Battle of Kutná Hora. Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora) was taken by Jan Žižka, and after a temporary reconciliation of the warring parties was burned by the imperial troops in 1422, to prevent its falling again into the hands of the Taborites. Žižka nonetheless took the place, and under Bohemian auspices it awoke to a new period of prosperity.
Modern era
Along with the rest of Bohemia, Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora) passed to the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in 1526. In 1546, the richest mine was severely flooded. In the insurrection of Bohemia against Ferdinand I the town lost all its privileges. Repeated visitations of the plague and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War completed its ruin. Half-hearted attempts after the peace to repair the ruined mines failed; the town became impoverished, and in 1770 was devastated by fire. The mines were abandoned at the end of the 18th century.
In May 1742 during the First Silesian War, a Prussian force under Frederick the Great stopped in the town prior to the Battle of Chotusitz.[7]
Bohemia was a crownland of the Austrian Empire in 1806, and remained controlled by the Austrian monarchy after the compromise of 1867). Until 1918, Kuttenberg was the capital of the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[8] Together with the rest of Bohemia, the town became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia after World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary.
Kutná Hora was incorporated into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia by Nazi Germany in the period 1939–1945, but was restored to Czechoslovakia after World War II. The town became part of the Czech Republic in 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
Since 1995, the town center has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[9]
Architecture
The center of Kutná Hora and Sedlec Abbey with its famous ossuary are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is estimated that the ossuary is decorated with bones of more than 40,000 skeletons.[10] Among the most important buildings in the town are the Gothic, five-naved St. Barbara's Church, begun in 1388, and the Italian Court, formerly a royal residence and mint, which was built at the end of the 13th century. The Gothic Stone Haus, which since 1902 has served as a museum, contains one of the richest archives in the country. The Gothic St. James's Church, with its 86 m (282 ft) tower, is another prominent building. Sedlec is the site of the Gothic Cathedral of Our Lady and the famous Ossuary.
Main sights
- St. Barbara's Church
- Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist
- Sedlec Ossuary
- Church of St. James
- Church of St. John Nepomuk
- Church of Ursuline Convent
- Jesuit College
- Italian Court
- Marian column
Notable people
- Jakob Jakobeus (1591–1645), Slovak writer
- Michal Lesák, footballer
- Jan Erazim Vocel (1803–1871), poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist
- František Zelenka (1904–1944), architect, graphic, stage set and costume designer
Twin towns – sister cities
Kutná Hora is twinned with:[11]
Bingen am Rhein, Germany
Eger, Hungary
Fidenza, Italy
Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine
Kremnica, Slovakia
Reims, France
Ringsted, Denmark
Stamford, England, United Kingdom
Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
Gallery
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St. Barbara's Church and Jesuit College -
St. Barbara street along Jesuit College -
St. Barbara's Church -
Sedlec Ossuary -
Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist -
Palackého Square -
St. James Church -
Black Death memorial
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See also
- Deer Park Žehušice – natural reserve with white deer, located 15 km (9 mi) to the east
- Jáchymov – another Bohemian silver mining town
References
- ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2020". Czech Statistical Office. 2020-04-30.
- ^ "Discover Czech". Retrieved 2007-03-07.
- ^ "Town history". Retrieved 2007-03-07.
- ^ Zap, Karel Vladislav. Česko-moavská kronika (in Czech). I.L. Kober. p. 552.
- ^ Rieger, Frantisek Ladislav. Slovnik naucny: S - Szyttler (in Czech). Kober. p. 1115. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ Warhorse Studios (February 13, 2018). Kingdom Come: Deliverance. Deep Silver. Level/area: Run!.
I am Sir Markvart von Aulitz, I come in the name of Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary and Croatia, to restore order in the name of his brother, King Wenceslas IV.
- ^ Berry, Jeff. "Chotusitz 1742". Obscure Battles. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ Wilhelm Klein (1967). Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890
- ^ "UNESCO page on Kutná Hora". Retrieved 2007-03-07.
- ^ "Kutná Hora: The Silver City | Foreigners.cz Blog". blog.foreigners.cz. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ "Partnerská města" (in Czech). Město Kutná Hora. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
External links
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1 Shared with Germany; 2 Shared with six countries; 3 Shared with 17 countries | ||
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