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In her letter requesting a permit, Morgan named the sponsor of the protest as "Women's Liberation", a "loose coalition of small groups and individuals".<ref name=letter/> She was the key organizer of the protest.<ref name="jaw">{{cite news | title = Robin Morgan | url = http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/morgan-robin| publisher = Jewish Women's Archive
In her letter requesting a permit, Morgan named the sponsor of the protest as "Women's Liberation", a "loose coalition of small groups and individuals".<ref name=letter/> She was the key organizer of the protest.<ref name="jaw">{{cite news | title = Robin Morgan | url = http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/morgan-robin| publisher = Jewish Women's Archive
| year = 2005| access-date = 2012-03-14}}</ref> The advisory sponsor was [[Florynce Kennedy]]'s Media Workshop, an activist group she founded in 1966 to protest the media's representation of [[African Americans]]. Other members of New York Radical Women were involved in protesting and documenting the event. [[Bev Grant]], a musician and filmmaker / photographer with [[Third World Newsreel|Newsreel]] who part in the protests, also shot film and took photos of the protests and of the pageant itself. [[Peggy Dobbins]], a performer and activist, created a life-sized Miss America puppet which she displayed on the boardwalk in the guise of a carnival barker auctioning her off.<ref>Heller, Karen. "The bra-burning feminist trope started at Miss America. Except, that's not what really happened." ''Washingtonpost.com'', 7 Sept. 2018. ''Academic OneFile''</ref> Participants also came from [[National Organization for Women]], the feminist Jeanette Rankin Brigade and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>From Robyn Morgan to Atlantic City Mayor Richard Jackson, 28 August 1968: seeking a permit for a peaceful protest. In Morgan papers, Duke University; see http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc/</ref> Men were barred from taking part.<ref name=letter/>
| year = 2005| access-date = 2012-03-14}}</ref> The advisory sponsor was [[Florynce Kennedy]]'s Media Workshop, an activist group she founded in 1966 to protest the media's representation of [[African Americans]]. Other members of New York Radical Women were involved in protesting and documenting the event. [[Bev Grant]], a musician and filmmaker / photographer with [[Third World Newsreel|Newsreel]] who part in the protests, also shot film and took photos of the protests and of the pageant itself. [[Peggy Dobbins]], a performer and activist, created a life-sized Miss America puppet which she displayed on the boardwalk in the guise of a carnival barker auctioning her off.<ref>Heller, Karen. "The bra-burning feminist trope started at Miss America. Except, that's not what really happened." ''Washingtonpost.com'', 7 Sept. 2018. ''Academic OneFile''</ref> Participants also came from [[National Organization for Women]], the feminist [[Jeanette Rankin]] Brigade and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>From Robyn Morgan to Atlantic City Mayor Richard Jackson, 28 August 1968: seeking a permit for a peaceful protest. In Morgan papers, Duke University; see http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc/</ref> Men were barred from taking part.<ref name=letter/>


== Protest event ==
== Protest event ==

Revision as of 14:04, 4 April 2021

Miss America protest
Women toss feminine items in a trash can as a form of protest about female sexualization and oppression
Two women toss items into the Freedom Trash Can while a female reporter looks on.
DateSeptember 7, 1968 (1968-09-07)
Duration1 pm to 12 midnight
VenueMiss America 1969
LocationAtlantic City, New Jersey Boardwalk
Also known asNo More Miss America
CauseWomen's liberation
TargetMiss America 1969
Organised byNew York Radical Women
ParticipantsNew York Radical Women, Jeanette Rankin Brigade, National Organization for Women, American Civil Liberties Union,

The Miss America protest was a demonstration held at the Miss America 1969 contest on September 7, 1968, attended by about 200 feminists and civil rights advocates. The feminist protest was organized by New York Radical Women and included putting symbolic feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can" on the Atlantic City boardwalk, including bras, hairspray, makeup, girdles, corsets, false eyelashes, mops, and other items. The protesters also unfurled a large banner emblazoned with "Women's Liberation" inside the contest hall, drawing worldwide media attention to the Women's Liberation Movement.[1][2]

Reporter Lindsy Van Gelder drew an analogy between the feminist protesters throwing bras in the trash cans and Vietnam War protesters who burned their draft cards. The bra-burning trope was permanently attached to the event and became a catch-phrase of the feminist era.[3]

Origins

The New York Radical Women was a group of women that had been active in the civil rights movement, the New Left, and antiwar movements.[4][failed verification] The group was organized in the fall of 1967 by former TV child star Robin Morgan, Carol Hanisch,[5] Shulamith Firestone,[6] and Pam Allen. They were searching for a suitable way to draw attention to their movement.

Hanisch said that she got the idea to target the Miss America contest after the group, including Morgan, Kathie Sarachild, Rosalyn Baxandall, Alix Kates Shulman, Patricia Mainardi, Irene Peslikis, and Ellen Willis, watched a movie that depicted how beauty standards oppressed women. It included clips of a Miss America parading in her swimsuit. "It got me thinking that protesting the pageant might be a good way to launch the movement into the public consciousness," Hanisch said. "Because up until this time, we hadn't done a lot of actions yet. We were a very small movement. It was kind of a gutsy thing to do. Miss America was this 'American pie' icon. Who would dare criticize this?"[7] The group decided to incorporate the techniques successfully used by the civil rights movement and adapt it to the new idea of women's liberation.[7]

Purpose

In a letter on August 29, 1968, to the city mayor, Morgan requested a permit. She explained that the purpose of the protest was to demonstrate their objections to the pageant's focus on women's body over their brains, "on youth rather than maturity, and on commercialism rather than humanity".[8]

Organizers and participants

In her letter requesting a permit, Morgan named the sponsor of the protest as "Women's Liberation", a "loose coalition of small groups and individuals".[8] She was the key organizer of the protest.[9] The advisory sponsor was Florynce Kennedy's Media Workshop, an activist group she founded in 1966 to protest the media's representation of African Americans. Other members of New York Radical Women were involved in protesting and documenting the event. Bev Grant, a musician and filmmaker / photographer with Newsreel who part in the protests, also shot film and took photos of the protests and of the pageant itself. Peggy Dobbins, a performer and activist, created a life-sized Miss America puppet which she displayed on the boardwalk in the guise of a carnival barker auctioning her off.[10] Participants also came from National Organization for Women, the feminist Jeanette Rankin Brigade and the American Civil Liberties Union.[11] Men were barred from taking part.[8]

Protest event

Atlantic City boardwalk

About 200 members of the group New York Radical Women traveled to Atlantic City in cars and chartered buses. On September 7, 1968, about 400[7][failed verification] feminists from New York City, Florida, Boston, Detroit, and New Jersey[12] gathered on the Atlantic City Boardwalk outside the Miss America Pageant. They protested what they called "The Degrading Mindless-Boob-Girlie Symbol" and American society's normative beauty expectations.[13] They marched with signs, passed out pamphlets, including one titled No More Miss America, and crowned a live sheep—comparing the beauty pageant to livestock competitions at county fairs, including an illustration of a woman's figure marked up like a side of beef.[7][14]

Freedom Trash Can

They threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included mops, pots and pans, copies of Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines,[7] false eyelashes, high-heeled shoes, curlers, hairspray, makeup, girdles, corsets, and bras;[15][16] items the protesters called "instruments of female torture"[17] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.[18]

Protesters saw the pageant and its symbols as oppressing women. They decried its emphasis on an arbitrary standard of beauty. They were against the labeling, public worship and exploitation of the "most beautiful girl in America." Sarachild, one of the protest organizers, reported that "huge crowds gathered for the picketing. People were grabbing our fliers out of our hands."[7]

Protest inside pageant

Along with tossing the items into the trash can and distributing literature outside, four protesters including Kathie Sarachild and Carol Hanisch bought tickets and entered the hall. While the outgoing 1968 Miss America, Debra Barnes Snodgrass, was giving her farewell speech, the women unfurled a bedsheet from the balcony that said "Women's Liberation" and began to shout "women's liberation!" and "No more Miss America!" They got out a half-dozen shouts before they were quickly removed by police.[7] While TV cameras at the event didn't show them, newspapers all around the country covered the protest. "I think it kind of made the phrase 'women's liberation' a household term," Sarachild says.[19] "The media picked up on the bra part," Hanisch said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us."[7][20]

Outgoing Miss America Snodgrass said that the protesters were diminishing the hard work of thousands of competitors who were attending school and had put a lot of effort into developing their talents.[7]

Origin of "bra-burning"

The dramatic, symbolic use of a trash can to dispose of feminine objects caught the media's attention. Protest organizer Hanisch said about the Freedom Trash Can afterward, "We had intended to burn it, but the police department, since we were on the boardwalk, wouldn't let us do the burning." A story by Lindsy Van Gelder in the New York Post carried a headline "Bra Burners and Miss America". Her story drew an analogy between the feminist protest and Vietnam War protesters who burned their draft cards.[21] Individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra.[7][20][22]: 4 

However, respected author Joseph Campbell found a local news story reporting that articles were in fact burned, and a witness corroborating the news story. The article and the witness contradicted the feminists' statements, stating that lingerie was in fact burned at least briefly that day. An article on page 4 of the Atlantic City Press reported, "Bra-burners blitz boardwalk". It stated, "As the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the Freedom Trash Can, the demonstration reached the pinnacle of ridicule when the participants paraded a small lamb wearing a gold banner worded Miss America." A second story in the same newspaper written by Jon Katz did not mention burning lingerie, but Campbell interviewed Katz. Katz, who was present that day, confirmed that bras and other items had been set on fire: "...the fire was small, and quickly was extinguished."[23] The feminists insisted afterward that the story was wrong.[24][25]

The parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras were encouraged by organizers including Robin Morgan. The phrase became headline material and was quickly associated with women who chose to go braless.[26][27] Feminism and "bra-burning" then became linked in popular culture.[26][27]

Deborah J. Cohan, an associate professor of sociology at the University of South Carolina, Beaufort, believes that bra-burning has become negatively associated with feminism.[28]

When people say, ‘Are you one of those bra-burning feminists?’ — and yes, I have been asked this many times — the people who ask this are doing so from a pre-existing place of hostility toward feminism.

Historical precedent

The bra-burning trope echoed an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation. In 1873 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward wrote:

Burn up the corsets! ... No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun.[29]

Backlash

Author and feminist Bonnie J. Dow suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. "Bra-burning" created an image that women weren't really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. This might lead individuals to believe, as she wrote in her article "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology", that the women were merely trying to be "trendy, and to attract men".[30][31][32][33][34]

Women associated with an act like symbolically burning their bra may be seen by some as law-breaking radicals, eager to shock the public. This view may have supported the efforts of opponents to feminism and their desire to invalidate the movement.[35] Some feminist activists believe that anti-feminists use the bra-burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish that day and the feminist movement in general.[36][37][19] Joseph Campbell described the reaction that ensued as "serving to denigrate and trivialize the objectives of the women’s liberation movement."[23]

No More Miss America!

The protest planners produced a press release before the event that was afterward turned into a pamphlet titled No More Miss America!.[38] The pamphlet called on women to help "reclaim ourselves for ourselves".[39] Written by Robin Morgan, it listed ten characteristics of the Miss America pageant that Morgan believed degraded women.[40][39]

Morgan wrote that the pageant contestants epitomize the "Degrading Mindless-Boob-Girlie Symbol". The runway parade is a metaphor of the 4-H Club county fair, where the animals are judged for teeth, hair, grooming, and so forth, and where the best specimen is awarded the blue ribbon. Since its inception in 1921, only Caucasian contestants had been accepted as finalists, so the authors derided the contest as "Racism with Roses". They criticized the "cheerleader" tour taken by the winner to visit troops in foreign countries as "Miss America as Military Death Mascot". Her support of troops personifies the "unstained patriotic American womanhood our boys are fighting for".[40]

She wrote that Miss America is a walking commercial for the pageant's sponsors, making her a primary part of "The Consumer Con-Game". It deplored the win-or-you're-worthless competitive disease, which it described as "Competition Rigged and Unrigged". The authors criticized "The Woman as Pop Culture Obsolescent Theme", which they described as the promotion of women who are young, juicy, and malleable, but upon the selection of a new winner each year, are discarded.[40]

She compared the pageant to Playboy's centerfold as sisters under the skin, describing this as "The Unbeatable Madonna-Whore Combination". The writers accused the competition of encouraging women to be inoffensive, bland, and apolitical, ignoring characteristics like personality, articulateness, intelligence, and commitment. They called this "The Irrelevant Crown on the Throne of Mediocrity". The pamphlet said the pageant was "Miss America as Dream Equivalent To", positioning itself as the penultimate goal of every little girl, while boys were supposed to grow up and become President of the United States. Men are judged by their actions, women by appearance.[40]

Morgan wrote that the pageant attempted thought control, creating the illusion of "Miss America as Big Sister Watching You". It attempted to enslave women in high-heeled, low-status roles, and to inculcate values in young girls like women as beasts of shopping.[40] "No More Miss America!" was the very first public pamphlet of the time to share the movement's ideals; therefore, complaints about the Pageant, recorded in the pamphlet, outlined and predicted numerous problems these women might have to overcome in their battle for equality.[41] The pamphlet became a source for feminist scholarship.[42]

Legacy

A six-minute documentary, Up Against the Wall Miss America (1968), concerns the Miss America protest.[43][44]

The demonstration was largely responsible for bringing the women's liberation movement into the American national consciousness.[45] The event "'marked the end of the movement's obscurity' and made both 'women's liberation' and beauty standards topics for national discussion".[46]

"No more Miss America! Ten points of protest" was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan.[47]

Civil rights protest

Main article: Miss Black America

Also on September 7, 1968, in Atlantic City, a separate civil rights demonstration took place in the form of a beauty pageant. African Americans and civil rights activists gather to crown the first Miss Black America. The winner, nineteen-year-old Philadelphia native Saundra Williams, had been active on the civil rights scene prior to the competition. As a student at Maryland State College, she helped organize the Black Awareness Movement with her classmates and staged a sit-in at a local restaurant, which refused to serve African Americans.[48]

Born to a middle-class family, she aspired to a career in social work and child welfare. She explained her motivation for running in the pageant:

Miss America does not represent us because there has never been a black girl in the pageant. With my title, I can show black women that they too are beautiful. ... There is a need to keep saying this over and over because for so long none of us believed it. But now we're finally coming around.[48]

The competition, organized by civil rights activist J. Morris Anderson, was held at the Ritz Carlton a few blocks from Convention Hall, where the Miss America pageant took place the same evening. The Miss Black America contestants, prior to competition, rode in a convertible motorcade through the streets of Atlantic City and were greeted with cheers and applause, especially from members of the black community.[49]

Feminist protester and organizer Robin Morgan said "We deplore Miss Black America as much as Miss White America but we understand the black issue involved."[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barbara J. Love (2006). Feminists who Changed America, 1963-1975. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03189-2.
  2. ^ Buchanan, Paul D. (2011-07-31). Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture: A Guide to an American Subculture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 124–. ISBN 9781598843576. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  3. ^ Heller, Karen. "The bra-burning feminist trope started at Miss America. Except, that's not what really happened." Washingtonpost.com, 7 Sept. 2018. Academic OneFile
  4. ^ PassportMenu for ... DownOpenDown. "Public Broadcasting Service". PBS. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  5. ^ Hanisch, Carol. "Carol Hanisch of the Women's Liberation Movement". Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  6. ^ Shulamith Firestone (1968). "Women and Marxism: Shulamith Firestone". Women and. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Greenfieldboyce, Nell (September 5, 2008). "Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth". NPR. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  8. ^ a b c "Letter from Robin Morgan to Richard S. Jackson, Mayor of Atlantic City, Aug. 29, 1968". Duke Digital Collections. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  9. ^ "Robin Morgan". Jewish Women's Archive. 2005. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  10. ^ Heller, Karen. "The bra-burning feminist trope started at Miss America. Except, that's not what really happened." Washingtonpost.com, 7 Sept. 2018. Academic OneFile
  11. ^ From Robyn Morgan to Atlantic City Mayor Richard Jackson, 28 August 1968: seeking a permit for a peaceful protest. In Morgan papers, Duke University; see http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc/
  12. ^ Rowbatham, Sheila. A Century of Women Penguin Books, New York. 1997
  13. ^ Morgan, Robin. "No More Miss America", Redstockings, 22 Aug. 1968. Web. 2 Feb. 2012.
  14. ^ "It Happened Here in New Jersey: Miss America" (PDF). Kean University and the New Jersey Historical Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  15. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (Spring 2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028.
  16. ^ "Press release and open letter inviting women to attend the Miss America protest". Duke Digital Collections. August 22, 1968. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  17. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. p. 4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "Nimia". app.nimia.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Red Hot Mamas (bra-burning)". Snopes.com Urban Legends.
  20. ^ a b Collins, Gail (2003). America's Women. New York: HarperCollins.
  21. ^ Van Gelder, Lindsy (September–October 1992). "The truth about bra-burners". Ms. pp. 80–81.
  22. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  23. ^ a b Campbell, Joseph. "Uncovering new detail about the bra-burning legend". UC Press Blog. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  24. ^ Boucher, John L. (September 8, 1968). "Bra-Burners Blitz Boardwalk". (Atlantic City) Press.
  25. ^ Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. University of California Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 9780520262096.
  26. ^ a b "Rush Blasts Greenstone". Radio Equalizer. 14 September 2006.
  27. ^ a b "The so-called "Ginsburg standard"". heuriskein. 9 January 2006.
  28. ^ Why You Don't Have to Wear a Bra
  29. ^ Phelps, Elizabeth (1873). What to Wear. Boston: Osgood. p. 79.
  30. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028.
  31. ^ Loughran, Jane (January 11, 2005). "You don't have to be a bra-burning feminist to want to keep your name". News & Star. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  32. ^ Williams, Ginny (October 1996). "Women of Goodwill". Vol. 1, no. 4. MENZ Issues.
  33. ^ Spongberg, Mary (September 1993). "If she's so great, how come so many pigs dig her? Germaine Greer and the malestream press". Women's History Review. 2 (3): 407–419. doi:10.1080/09612029300200036.
  34. ^ Campo, Natasha (2005). "Having it all' or 'had enough'? Blaming Feminism in the Age and the Sydney Morning Herald, 1980–2004". Journal of Australian Studies. 28 (84): 63–72. doi:10.1080/14443050509387992.
  35. ^ Gold, Jodi; Susan Villari (2000). Just Sex: Students Rewrite the Rules on Sex, Violence, Activism, and Equality. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847693337.
  36. ^ Lee, Jennifer Feminism Has a Bra-Burning Myth Problem June 11, 2014 Time
  37. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (1999). "Spectacle, spectatorship, and gender anxiety in television news coverage of the 1970 women's strike for equality". Communication Studies. 50 (2): 143–57. doi:10.1080/10510979909388481.
  38. ^ No More Miss America!
  39. ^ a b "Press release and open letter inviting women to attend the Miss America protest (maddc01009) - Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture - Duke Libraries". Library.duke.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  40. ^ a b c d e "No More Miss America!". The Feminist eZine. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  41. ^ Kreydatus, Beth (2008). "Confronting the "Bra-Burners:" Teaching Radical Feminism with a Case Study". The History Teacher. 41 (4): 489–504. JSTOR 40543887.
  42. ^ Carole R. McCann and Seung-Kyung Kim (July 22, 2009). Feminist theory reader: Local and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-415-99477-4.
  43. ^ "Up against the Wall Miss America. | UC Berkeley Library". Lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  44. ^ "10 Great Women's History Films To Watch This Or Any Month". Nonfics.com. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  45. ^ Hanisch, Carol. "What Can Be learned: A Critique of the Miss America Protest", 2009, Web. 2 Feb 2012. http://carolhanisch.org/CHwritings/MissACritique.html
  46. ^ Confronting the "Bra-Burners": Teaching Radical Feminism with a Case Study, Beth Kreydatus, The History Teacher, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Aug., 2008), pp. 489-504
  47. ^ Sisterhood is powerful : an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 96157.
  48. ^ a b Klemesrud, Judy. "There's Now Miss Black America". New York Times, 8 Sep. 1968: 81. Print
  49. ^ a b Curtiss, Charlotte. "Miss America Pageant is Picketed by 100 Women", New York Times 9 Sep. 1968: 54. Print.
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